Cadmium Stress in Two Rice

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Javaria Afzal 1,2,† , Muhammad Hamzah Saleem 3,† , Fatima Batool 4 ,
Ali Mohamed Elyamine 5 , Muhammad Shoaib Rana 1 , Asma Shaheen 6 ,
Mohamed A. El-Esawi 7 , Muhammad Tariq Javed 8 , Qasim Ali 8 , Muhammad Arslan Ashraf 8 ,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
juvaria_afzal@outlook.com (J.A.); muhammadshoaib1555@gmail.com (M.S.R.)
2 Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
3 College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
saleemhamza312@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
4 Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore,
5 College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; elyoh@hotmail.fr
6 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; neil_kanth@yahoo.com
7 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
8 Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
9 Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
hussainsabirsial90@yahoo.com
10 Department of Technical Services, Fatima Agri Sales and Services, Multan 60800, Pakistan
genotypes were grown under different levels of CdCl2 (0 (no Cd), 50 and 100 µM) and then treated with
revealed that Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) affected plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic
(MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also
O. sativa genotypes. At the same time, the results also elucidated that the O. sativa genotypes Lu 9803
are more tolerant to Cd stress than Shan 63. Although, results also illustrated that the exogenous
application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 ) also decreased Cd toxicity in both O. sativa genotypes by
Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1693; doi:10.3390/biom10121693 www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules
plants, and agriculture (1–5). Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of great concern in agricultural
and the environmental health of soil organisms (6–10). In addition, heavy metal contamination of
problems (11,12). Heavy metals include cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe),
environmental problems (13). Cd is mainly entered into the ecosystem through human activities such
as agricultural practices and mining activities (14,15). The regulatory limit of Cd in agricultural soil is
100 mg kg−1 soil (10). Photosynthesis, respiration, cell division, water relations, opening and closing
plants, which are negatively affected by Cd stress (16,17). Although Cd is toxic for plant growth, it is
uptake, blocked electron transport chain as well as changed the membrane permeability (1,18–22).
photosynthesis (10,23). Moreover, higher Cd retention in plant cells/tissues triggers the production of
Glycine max (21), Solanum lycopersicum (27), Pfaffia glomerata (28), Oryza sativa (29), Boehmeria nivea (20),
and Zea mays (30) grown under excessive Cd concentrations.
negative effects caused by the heavy metals incorporated into ecosystems (3,31,32). Research has been
could be done by immobilization, removal, sequestration, active mixing, and phytoextraction (33–35).
and volume reduction (36,37). Heavy metal toxicity can be minimized by reducing their availability
using organic and inorganic amendments (12,38). Different types of iron (Fe) fertilizer can have distinct
effects on Cd accumulation (39). For example, Shao et al. (40) found that the application of chelated
Fe (EDTANa2 Fe) markedly decreased Cd concentration in shoots, roots, and grain, while the application
of ionic Fe (FeSO4 ) significantly enhanced the Cd concentration in shoots and roots. Thus, the selection
Cd accumulation in rice (41). On the other hand, Fe is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency can

Methods (brief)

samples were oven-dehydrated at 65 ◦ C for 72 h for Cd and ions concentration determination and the
Leaves were collected for the determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
For chlorophylls, 0.1 g of fresh leaf sample was extracted with 8 mL of 95% acetone for 24 h at
To estimate H2 O2 content of plant tissues (root and leaf), 3 mL of sample extract was mixed with
a water bath for 2 h prior to measuring the initial electrical conductivity (EC1 ). The samples were
tetrazolium, 1.17 mM riboflavin, 10 mM methionine, and 100 µL enzyme extract. Finally, the sample
adsorbed metal on the plant surface. The washed samples were then oven-dried for 24 h at 105 ◦ C.
The dried roots and shoots were digested by using a wet digestion method in HNO3 : HClO4 (7:3 V/V)
until clear samples were obtained. Each sample was filtered and diluted with redistilled water up to
50 mL. The root and shoot contents of Fe, Mg, and P and were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS) model Agilent 240FS-AA.
executed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), having a Flexer FX-10 UHPLC
isocratic pump (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA). The mobile phase used in HPLC was comprised
respectively, and pH of 4.9. The samples were analyzed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 for a time
Boston, MA, USA) as described by UdDin et al. (69). Freeze-dried samples were dissolved in redistilled
Finely ground samples were digested with pure HNO3 at 190 ◦ C for 45 min (10 min pre-heating,
with the settings described in details by Jezek et al. (70). Samples were diluted with 2% HNO3 and
determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model Agilent 240FS-AA.

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised