Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- mg/kg of tissue) and in 50% of the meconium samples (0.02–1.50 mg/kg), suggesting a materno-foetal passage of
- barely quantifiable by ICP-MS. Diameter measurements showed that 70 to 100% of the TiO2 particles recovered in
- Dietary exposure to TiO2 ranges from 0.4 to 10.4 mg/kg stool accumulated during the last 6 months of pregnancy
- tile TiO2, exhibiting up to 55% NPs by number depend- discarded, is non-invasive and considered highly accurate
- sence of specific information on food-grade formula- As shown in Table 2, Ti was found in all placental sam-
- tions, two studies have examined the capacity of TiO2- ples (n = 22), with the total Ti content ranging from 0.01
- NP models perfused with different surface charges to to 0.48 mg/kg of tissue. Seven women displayed a total
- cross human placenta. These studies failed to observe a placental Ti content above 0.1 mg/kg of tissue, with 2 of
- quantifiable increase in Ti levels in the foetal compart- them reaching 0.4–0.5 mg/kg of tissue. On TEM tissue
- electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X- them (i.e., 50%) being below 100 nm (Fig. S2), and two
- particles and their chemical nature. Second, by using In the meconium (Table 2), Ti was detected by ICP-MS
- assessed whether TiO2-NPs of dietary origin (E171 kg of material. In most of these samples (n = 8), the Ti
- additive) may cross the placental barrier by combining levels were above 0.1 mg/kg of meconium (Table 2).
- Physico-chemical characteristics of food-grade TiO2 nanorange.
- 55% of NPs by number (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The specific passage during ex vivo perfusion in an open circulating
- 3.22 mV (Table 1). DLS analysis showed increased rate) between placentae collected after caesarean section
- medium (Table 1), indicating particle agglomeration in centae with food-grade TiO2 (E171), Ti was detected by
- Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of E171
- 1.92 ng Ti/mL) (Table S1). To assess whether a transfer particle size distribution in the PM with E171 added
- focal microscopy to detect laser-diffracting (TiO2-like) a diameter < 200 nm, with 70 and 100% of NPs in two
- Table 2 ICP-MS analysis of basal Ti content in human term study, a combination of two analytic methods with ICP-
- Placenta (n = 22) Meconium (n = 18) morphology, size and chemical characterization of the
- 5 0.20 5 < LOQ ings of Li et al. (29) (0.2 mg/kg) and close to the Ti con-
- 12 0.01 12 < LOQ centa to accumulate Ti(O2) from the maternal blood.
- 13 0.16 13 < LOQ TEM imaging coupled to EDX analysis showed the pres-
- corrected for total blank signals. *Weighted mean for 3 analyses. LOQ = 0.01 dietary intake (45) and pharmaceutical products (5)
- mg/kg for meconium and 0.003 mg/kg for placenta. Typical relative
- measurement uncertainties were 6.5% (k = 1) for meconium, and 8% (k = 1) along with other sources such as air pollution in an
- ticulate matter was not specified and, to date, no analyt- For meconium, 50 % of the samples had a quantifiable
- ical data exist on the potential accumulation of TiO2 amount of Ti (range 0.02–1.50 mg/kg), with some of
- Fig. 3 Mean transfer profile of particles during 1 h of placental
- perfusion with E171 using confocal microscopy. Placenta were basal Ti blood level in humans (10 μg/L) (4, 5) in order
- the mean ± SEM of 4 to 6 independent experiments of the placenta ex vivo in a non-recirculating system. A
- assessment studies highlighting oral ingestion as the following E171 perfusion, it is assumed that the mean
- the nanorange. Because the size distribution of TiO2 From a risk perspective, animal studies raised concerns
- showed 50% composed of TiO2 nanoforms, this sug- through inhalation or the transcutaneous or oral route.
- herein, could affect the primary colonization of the in- 16 min at 30% amplitude (VCX 750-230 V, Sonics Mate-
- testine by the microbiota at birth as well as the matur- rials) to obtain a stable dispersion of TiO2 particles and
- dysregulation of vascularization, inhibition of cell prolif- and perfusion medium (PM = Earle + 2% BSA, pH 7.4).
- trophoblast cells (65, 66), and further impair the cell mi- by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 600 parti-
- samples (< 48 h post-partum) were collected in the ma- collected after caesarean section (n = 8) or normal vagi-
- ternity ward of Sainte-Thérèse Clinic (Paris, France), nal delivery (n = 7) were used.
Methods (brief)
- grade TiO2-NPs and their potential transfer to the foetus. In this study, human placentae collected at term from
- using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy
- Results: By ICP-MS analysis, we evidenced the presence of Ti in all placentae (basal level ranging from 0.01 to 0.48
- mg/kg of tissue) and in 50% of the meconium samples (0.02–1.50 mg/kg), suggesting a materno-foetal passage of
- barely quantifiable by ICP-MS. Diameter measurements showed that 70 to 100% of the TiO2 particles recovered in
- perfused human placenta (33). These findings suggest ICP-MS measurement of total Ti content in the human
- etry (ICP-MS) analysis after 6 h of perfusion, but authors mary particles and/or as small aggregates in placental
- the human foetus by performing ICP-MS analysis of addition to TiO2 (Fig. S1). Size measurements of all par-
- Ti contents in the human placenta collected at term ticles (i.e., whatever their chemical nature) recovered
- particles and their chemical nature. Second, by using In the meconium (Table 2), Ti was detected by ICP-MS
- the ex vivo human placenta perfusion model, we in 50% of samples (9 of 18), ranging from 0.02 to 1.50 mg/
- assessed whether TiO2-NPs of dietary origin (E171 kg of material. In most of these samples (n = 8), the Ti
- ICP-MS, confocal microscopy, scanning electron mi- TEM-EDX analysis of two representative meconium sam-
- 3.22 mV (Table 1). DLS analysis showed increased rate) between placentae collected after caesarean section
- the perfusion medium (PM) compared to ultrapure ICP-MS in most foetal exudates (0.41 to 3.46 ng Ti/mL),
- samples collected every 5 min on the foetal side by con- cles, TiO2 particles recovered in the foetal side exhibited
- subjected to SEM-EDX analysis. After sample purifica- particles with a diameter below 250 nm, and 17 of them
- cles sampled and purified from the foetal side were mea- documented despite animal studies showing harmful ef-
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2)
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Arsenic
- Aluminum
- Tin
- Chromium
Verification notes
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.