toxic metals (lead and cadmium), pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, microplastics, and nitrates.

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Av. 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
• Public Health 2022, 19, 15531.
• implications for their nutrition in adulthood (1). Through improper eating patterns, many
• Received: 1 October 2022 people suffering from obesity are unaware of the health-promoting effects of vegetables or
• fruits (2). Vegetables are good for health and their absence in the daily diet increases the
• overall cost of health services (3). Vegetables can be classified based on their botanical origin,
• with regard to jurisdictional claims in include carrot, radish, potato, yam, ginseng, celery, parsley, and horseradish (4–6).
• iations. source of fiber (1.6–7.3 g/100 g). Moreover, they are characterized by a low energy value
• (16–81 kcal/100 g) due to their high content of water (75.0–95.4%) (Table 1). The caloric
• (Table 1). Therefore, root vegetables can be considered a biofunctional food.
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315531 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15531 2 of 25
• Table 1. Composition of root vegetables (5,6).
• Energy (kcal/100 g) 41.0 43.0 42.0 49.0 16.0 28.0 81.0
• Dietary fiber, total (g/100 g) 2.8 2.8 1.8 4.2 1.6 1.8 7.3
• Calcium (mg/100) 33.0 16.0 43.0 43.0 25.0 30.0 78.0
• Potassium (mg/100 g) 320.0 325.0 300.0 339.0 233.0 191.0 740.0
• Selenium (µg/100 g) 0.1 0.7 0.7 n.d. 0.6 0.7 n.d.
• Niacin (mg/100 g) 0.983 0.334 0.7 2.0 0.254 0.4 0.6
• Folate, total (µg/100 g) 19.0 109.0 8.0 180.0 25.0 15.0 37.0
• content of β-carotene, a provitamin of vitamin A (7). Root vegetables are characterized
• and anti-cancer properties (8,9). However, it is difficult to compare the results concerning
• of particular vegetables (10).
• attributed to their ability to accumulate contaminants (11). Heavy metals, such as cadmium
• (Cd) and lead (Pb), are continuously detected in root vegetables (12). Moreover, these
• nitrites (16). These substances have a dual influence on human health. Depending on the
• dose, they can exert positive or negative effects on health (17,18). They can be beneficial
• because they improve blood pressure and increase nitric oxide synthesis (17). However,
• conversion into carcinogenic nitrosamines (18). The concentration of these compounds is
• determined by the quality of soil and water and use of fertilizers (19).
• Root vegetables are an often-underestimated group (20). Therefore, the main purpose
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15531 3 of 25
• parsley), Amaranthaceae (beetroot), and Brassicaceae (radish, turnip, and horseradish) (21,22).
• nutritional value determined by their high content of starch (20.4 g/100 g of product) (6). In
• 2. Morphological Structure of Root Vegetables
• functions of roots (23). The root can also develop into a storage organ and additionally
• shape (24). Storage roots are most often found in biennial plants. In the first year of growth,
• occasions as biennials (24).
• ranthaceae, and Brassicaceae (Table 2). The anatomical structure of the storage root can
• Table 2. Botanical families of root vegetables (21).
• beetroot in thickness is abnormal (23,24). Unlike other root vegetables, beetroot has several
• the secondary wood crumb, while in carrots, it is the secondary phloem parenchyma (22).

Methods (brief)

• be determined from the outside by a transparent cork, under which the phelloderm is
• located. In carrots, the phelloderm accumulates spare materials and carotene. Beneath the
• phelloderm, there is a ring of phloem composed of parenchyma and arranged sieve tubes.
• a reduction in the phenolic content of 30% compared with untreated samples (40).
• lower than that in fresh samples (58).
• after the consumption of a fresh sample. The large variation between these two values
• from fresh samples should be tested, as well as their recovery time in the gastrointestinal
• Carrots may exhibit prebiotic potential (79). It was found that, during the digestion of
• storage, increase the content of nitrates in root vegetables compared with fresh samples (9).
• 2. Wagner, M.G.; Rhee, Y.; Honrath, K.; Blodgett Salafia, E.H.; Terbizan, D. Nutrition Education Effective in Increasing Fruit and
• 12. El-Saeid, M.H.; Selim, M.T. Multiresidue Analysis of 86 Pesticides Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: II-Nonleafy
• Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity in Products Containing Betalains—Verification of Beetroot Samples. Food Chem. 2021,
• Vitro Digestion on the Betalain Profile and ACE Inhibition Activity of Red Beetroot Products. J. Funct. Foods 2019, 55, 229–237.
• Microgreens: Effect of Storage and in Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Untargeted Metabolomic Profile. Food Chem. 2020,

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, predatory (tuna, swordfish, shark, king mackerel)
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.