Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbage

Overview

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• With the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr being 0.24, 0.20, 0.32 and 1.28 mg kg
  1, the As, Cd
• bioaccessibility was the lowest at 11% while those of Cd, Pb and Cr were much greater at 68–87%. The
• concentrations. The high Cr concentration at 1.28 mg kg
  1 coupled with its high bioaccessibility at 67.5%
• 1. Introduction impacting human health.7 In China, vegetables are the most
• Given their nutritional values, vegetables are an important part important crop besides grain, with production reaching 22
• agricultural and industrial activities have elevated their metal concentrations in vegetables.9
• concentrations.1 As such, there is an increasing concern of food Heavy metals are oen present in vegetables, with As, Cd and
• heavy metals is a serious health and ecological problem and vary with vegetables and metals.11 Total concentrations have
• the sustainability of human health.3 Factors inuencing the vegetables, with little information available regarding their
• pollution in vegetables.5,6 Metals accumulated in vegetables can the fraction of a metal that is released from its matrix in
• Normal University, Kunming 650500, China popular.13 The average bioaccessible metals in vegetables is 20–
• 95%.14,15 However, metal bioaccessibility depends on both food
• Among vegetables, cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is popular due Fig. 1 Four main production areas of cabbage in Yunnan, Southwest
• vegetable producer including cabbage.24 As it borders with obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA).
• 0.05 mg kg
  1. Metal bioaccessibility (%) was dened as the ratio
• at
  20  C. Fresh and dry mass of vegetable was weighed using cabbage consumption was calculated based on metal
• weight (kg) at 55.9 and 32.7 kg for adults and children. If the Cabbage is the leading leafy vegetable in the world, with almost
• EDI value is higher than 1.0, then there may be adverse health half of the world’s production from China.23 High vegetable
• 2.4. Cell culture, exposure, morphology and viability However, metal contents in vegetables vary among producing
• FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin solution in an incubator
• were sterilized by 0.22 mm lter. To determine the cytotoxicity of The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr in the cabbage
• plate at the density of 8  103 cells per 100 mL per well. Aer 1.28 mg kg
  1 (Table 1). Among the four metals, the Cr
• Geochemical Exploration, China) were included. The gastric we compared our data with the literature (Table 1). The
• summarized using descriptive statistics based on mean values 0.1 mg kg
  1 (Table 1).30 Similarly, those from Serbia and United
• Table 1 Average concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr in cabbage from different studies (mg kg
  1)
• Fig. 2 The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr in cabbage from four main producing cities of Yunnan, Southwest China. The dashed lines
• Pb and Cr exceeding the limit (Table 1). Similarly, those from endogenous factors.42 Like soil redox potential is one of the
• content of CaCO3, the metal concentrations in soils from Apart from that, vegetables type can inuence Cr absorption as
• Yunnan are naturally high.34 Based on Chen et al.,35 the mean well. The transfer of metals from root to stem and then to fruit
• higher than other regions (except for Cd).36–39 In fact, they are Because of their large surface areas, leafy vegetables can readily
• 15, 0.2, 35, and 90 mg kg
  1 (Table 2). So, the high metal through their stomatal pores and the cuticle.44 In majority of the
• contribute to high metal concentrations in vegetables.40 gested that trivalent chromium accumulates in the roots,
• aging 1.28 mg kg
  1 (Table 1). Plants in the Brassicaceae family Of which structural likeness of Cr(VI) with nutrient salts because
• Table 2 Mean concentrations of heavy metals (mg kg
  1) in soils from
• (Fig. 3). The mean bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Pb and Cr were
• 11.3, 87.3, 78.1, and 67.5% based on the gastric phase. Among
• the four metals, As showed the lowest bioaccessibility at 11.3%, The health risk assessment formula is a method to evaluate
• carrots showed high bioavailability at 90 and 98%. This differ- possibility of harmful effects of pollutants on human health.
• As.53 The acidic environment in the simulated stomach will presented in Table 3. Similar to their total concentrations, Cr
• While Cd showed the highest 87.3%. The data are similar to risk associated with cabbage consumption, we estimated the
• Hu et al.30 who showed Cd bioaccessibility at 71% in various EDI based on their bioaccessible metals at 11.3–87.3% (Table 3).
• bioaccessibility at 65% in Pakchoi cabbage (Brassica rapa). showing >1 (1.99–1.87; Table 3). Although the high risk of B-

Methods (brief)

• for gastric digestion.18 Heavy metal damage on human gastric
• The samples (0.10 g, dry weight) of the vegetables were digested
• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, ICAPQR,
• content of analyzed metals in the samples of vegetables was
• 20 mL was added to 1 g (dw) of sample in a 50 mL centrifuge
• oscillator for 1 h. Aer that, samples were centrifuged for
• 2. Materials and methods 10 min at 4000 rpm, with the supernatant being collected.
• 2.1. Sample collection and preparation The digested solutions and gastric supernatants ltered
• concentrations using ICP-MS, with each sample having three
• For each sample, 0.5 kg of cabbage was collected to make
• the food matrix during gastrointestinal digestion than organic intake (EDI) of As, Cd, Pb and Cr from cabbage consumption is
• digestion.18 Heavy metal damage on human gastric epithelial defense (e.g., antioxidation system) to environmental stress.
• morphology were not affected (Fig. 4) even treated with samples accessibility of the four heavy metals from cabbage varied
• collected from fresh markets in the lower north of
• 2012, 83, 33–46. digestion on food safety, Food Chem., 2020, 306, 125478.
• Elem. Res., 2016, 1–13. through an in vitro human digestion model – Comparison
• thuringiensis X30 increase biomass and reduce heavy metal 17 J. Fu and Y. Cui, In vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to
• mushrooms collected from Yunnan Province, China, reference values for some potentially toxic elements in

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
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• Cadmium
• Arsenic
• Chromium

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