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Heavy metals in Brassica vegetables

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and total mercury in brassica vegetables: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Brassica vegetables in the HMI library has 288 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, I, Mo and Sr from 23 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source →

Brassica vegetables overview

Brassica vegetables in the HMI library has 288 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, I, Mo and Sr from 23 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in brassica vegetables, as sold from 754 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 5.2 to 98 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave a subgroup median of 1.36 µg/kg from 1,655 results.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 7.91 µg/kg (Kim et al. 2024) to 148 µg/kg (Kim et al. 2024).4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → For cadmium, 3 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 7 µg/kg (Pan et al. 2023) to 43 µg/kg (Kim et al. 2024).4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →7Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Distribution of Cadmium in Fresh Vegetables Marketed in Southeast China and Its Dietary Exposure AssessmentFoods 2023, 12, 1204Read source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Brassica vegetables, as sold from Farm U1 (Urban), field samples had lead higher at 141 µg/kg, against 13.4 µg/kg for All six farms, field samples in the same study.4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the brassica vegetables came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as brassica vegetables

This page covers brassica vegetables, as sold (288 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source →

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of brassica vegetables

The table holds every extracted brassica vegetables result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 288 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

81 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 29 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 5 values from 3 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source →8Jiang Y, Ma J, Ruan X · 2020Compound health risk assessment of cumulative heavy metal exposure: A case study of a village near a battery factory in Henan Province, ChinaEnvironmental Science: Processes & ImpactsRead source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of brassica vegetables, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Brassica vegetables findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
41 findings · 11 studies · 11 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2016median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000–2001median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2003–2010median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014–2016median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldauthors 2021Wuding (as attributed in text)2018sample value.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChen et al. 2025Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 5.95–217 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 6.82–12.7 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 8.64–13.4 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 5.95–36.8 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 12.1–15.4 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 91.6–217 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 82.7–121 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022walled garden control2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSulaiman et al. 2020leaves, university campus farm, Jengka, PahangCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChiutula et al. 2025Soche WWTP effluent-irrigated plots, leafCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChiutula et al. 2025Soche WWTP effluent-irrigated plots, leafCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChiutula et al. 2025Soche WWTP effluent-irrigated plots, stemCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010Vegetables2000–2009Basis not statedmax.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010Vegetables2000–2009Basis not statedmedian.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010Vegetables2000–2009Basis not statedmean.Same samples: 0 µg/kg (percentile); 50 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010Vegetables2000–2009Basis not statedmedian.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010Vegetables2000–2009Basis not statedmean.Same samples: 2 µg/kg (percentile); 100 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldMawari et al. 2022Farms in Chandrahal (SQ-1), Solapur district, Maharashtra2017Basis not statedsample value.
36 findings · 13 studies · 11 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2001–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000–2006median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2007median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.Same samples: 18 µg/kg (percentile); 8 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldauthors 2021Wuding (as attributed in text)2018sample value.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChen et al. 2025Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 8.37–47.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 8.37–9.19 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 35.4–42.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 12.2–16.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 17.4–20.9 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 37.9–47.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 14.7–20.8 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldPan et al. 2023Cabbage, Brassica, Zhejiang monitoring 2018-20222018–2022mean.Same samples: 47 µg/kg (maximum); 33 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldPan et al. 2023Cabbage, Brassica, Zhejiang monitoring 2018-20222018–2022min.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022walled garden control2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSulaiman et al. 2020leaves, university campus farm, Jengka, PahangCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChiutula et al. 2025Soche WWTP effluent-irrigated plots, stemCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldMawari et al. 2022Farms in Chandrahal (SQ-1), Solapur district, Maharashtra2017Basis not statedsample value.
34 findings · 8 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2001–2014median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000–2012median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2008median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014–2022median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2022median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2018–2023median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2023median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004–2012median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChen et al. 2025Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–34.5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–10 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–10 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–10 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–10 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 10–13.5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 21.4–34.5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.Same samples: up to 13 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSulaiman et al. 2020leaves, university campus farm, Jengka, PahangCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmedian.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.Same samples: 153 µg/kg (maximum); 30 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldMawari et al. 2022Farms in Chandrahal (SQ-1), Solapur district, Maharashtra2017Basis not statedsample value.
3 findings · 2 studies
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010Dry weightmedian.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not statedmean.
12 findings · 7 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2001–2016median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015–2017median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004–2020median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.Same samples: 1 µg/kg (percentile); 3 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChen et al. 2025Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldPlants in a World Large-scale Abandoned Hg Mining Site: A Potential Risk of Exposure to Grazing Animals Xiaoli Qian Guizhou University Chendong Yang Guizhou University Xiaohang Xu 2021aboveground shootsCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not statedmedian.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not statedmean.Same samples: 14 µg/kg (maximum); 2.5 µg/kg (percentile); 5 µg/kg (percentile); 8 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldMawari et al. 2022Farms in Chandrahal (SQ-1), Solapur district, Maharashtra2017Basis not statedsample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Brassica vegetables, as soldPlants in a World Large-scale Abandoned Hg Mining Site: A Potential Risk of Exposure to Grazing Animals Xiaoli Qian Guizhou University Chendong Yang Guizhou University Xiaohang Xu 2021aboveground shootsCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
30 findings · 8 studies · 9 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012mean.Same samples: 190 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012mean.Same samples: 250 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 50–151 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 50–50 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 123–147 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 50–80.6 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 74.5–77.6 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 50–104 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 99.3–151 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022walled garden control2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mixed-cropping, Big pot (1.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mixed-cropping, Medium pot (1.0 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mixed-cropping, Small pot (0.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mono-cropping, Big pot (1.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mono-cropping, Medium pot (1.0 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldTjoa et al. 2023mono-cropping, Small pot (0.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
25 findings · 8 studies · 7 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 17.4–324 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 17.4–43.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 23.9–34.8 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 32.8–73.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 56.7–72 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 69–146 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 173–324 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022walled garden control2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldSultana et al. 2022All four harvesting phases (Kawran Bazar, Dhaka)Collection date unreportedDry weightrange.
Brassica vegetables, as soldChiutula et al. 2025Soche WWTP effluent-irrigated plots, stemCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Brassica vegetables, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2000median.
13 findings · 2 studies · 7 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024All six farms, field samples2019mean.Same samples: 5–15.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R1 (Rural), field samples2019median.Same samples: 5–5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R2 (Rural), field samples2019median.Same samples: 5–5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R3 (Rural), field samples2019median.Same samples: 5–5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm R4 (Rural), field samples2019median.Same samples: 5–5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U1 (Urban), field samples2019median.Same samples: 5–5 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019median.
Brassica vegetables, as soldKim et al. 2024Farm U2 (Urban), field samples2019mean.Same samples: 7–15.2 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldOkonofua et al. 2024Dry Season (dry season, Bukuru mining-pit sites)2019Basis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldOkonofua et al. 2024Dry season Control (dry season control (Riyom))2019Basis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldOkonofua et al. 2024Rainy Season (rainy season, Bukuru mining-pit sites)2019Basis not statednot detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldOkonofua et al. 2024Rainy season Control (rainy season control (Riyom))2019Basis not statednot detected.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.Same samples: 6.4–8.5 µg/kg (range); 13–19 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
3 findings · 2 studies
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022walled garden control2015–2016Dry weightmean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.Same samples: 5,910 µg/kg (percentile); 4,530 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.
3 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019mean.Same samples: 79 µg/kg (percentile)
Brassica vegetables, as soldAffum et al. 2020urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and2018–2019not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldJiang et al. 2020SZD village near a battery factory, Xinxiang, Henan2018Basis not statedmean.
3 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.Same samples: up to 28 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016not detected.
4 findings · 1 study
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016not detected.
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016not detected.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.Same samples: 41–154 µg/kg (range); 34–45 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.Same samples: 1,150–4,340 µg/kg (range); 719–1,980 µg/kg (range)
Brassica vegetables, as soldVentura et al. 2025all samples2014–2016mean.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI brassica vegetables Pb reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables Pb reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference7.88–10 (bounded)25540
Alternative weighting5.61–10 (bounded)13.7–20 (bounded)540

60 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food5333%
authors 2021133%
Kim et al. 2024633%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-67653b19fb6f:16d156f3fced

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables Cd reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables Cd reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference3.3–7.6 (bounded)20.1350
Alternative weighting3.3–5 (bounded)20.1350

53 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food4633%
authors 2021133%
Kim et al. 2024633%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-f13fd3ff355a:e0029b6c9fdc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables tAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables tAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤10≤1010–13 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤10≤1010–13 (bounded)

58 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food5133%
Kim et al. 2024633%
Ventura et al. 2025133%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-2cbdd9f52553:1cc5b61df998

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables iAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables iAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference241241241
Alternative weighting241241241

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-bc03a4a852dd:182d6b2bfc9e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables iAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables iAs reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold, dry weight. Brassica vegetables, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference241241241
Alternative weighting241241241

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-696a0e7109d1:18bb662cc94e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables tHg reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables tHg reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.11≤1≤1.29
Alternative weighting≤0.1≤1≤1.29

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food27100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-5440526f7c14:04baa7d7886c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables Ni reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables Ni reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference5063.5132
Alternative weighting5063.5132

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kim et al. 20246100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kim et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-673b1bc8eb81:3ce837e094f6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables Cr reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables Cr reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference33.15277.7
Alternative weighting33.15277.7

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kim et al. 20246100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kim et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-ec1c10082149:4fb4a887fb40

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables U reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables U reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference555
Alternative weighting555

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kim et al. 20246100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kim et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-e0615411dd43:47e27f663d74

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables Se reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables Se reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤25≤25≤25
Alternative weighting≤25≤25≤25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Ventura et al. 20251100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-6fa0ab0b5e31:78b608ae828c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI brassica vegetables I reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI brassica vegetables I reference · Brassica vegetables, as sold. Brassica vegetables, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤17≤20≤23
Alternative weighting≤17≤20≤23

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Ventura et al. 20252100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for brassica vegetables, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for brassica vegetables, as sold on this basis in the completed brassica vegetables ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:brassica-7c86de02f44e:f04f3037308c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach brassica vegetables

The evidence on how metals reach brassica vegetables comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Brassica vegetables, as sold from Farm U1 (Urban), field samples had lead higher at 141 µg/kg, against 13.4 µg/kg for All six farms, field samples in the same study.4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → In another study, brassica vegetables, as sold from urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and (wastewater-irrigated fields) had total mercury higher at 3 µg/kg, against 1 µg/kg for urban vegetable farm irrigated with groundwater and in the same study.9Affum AO, Osae SD, Kwaansa-Ansah EE, Miyittah MK · 2020Quality assessment and potential health risk of heavy metals in leafy and non-leafy vegetables irrigated with groundwater and municipal-waste-dominated stream in the Western Region, GhanaHeliyon 6 (2020) e05829Read source → A third study found that brassica vegetables, as sold from local vendors, Dehradun City (wastewater-irrigated fields) had Cu higher at 940 µg/kg, against 370 µg/kg for walled garden control in the same study.5INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in brassica vegetables, as sold pools 60 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of 25 µg/kg and a middle half spanning between 7.88 and 10 (lower quartile) and 540 µg/kg (upper quartile).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → For cadmium in brassica vegetables, as sold, the reference median was 20.1 µg/kg, with a middle half from between 3.3 and 7.6 to 350 µg/kg across 53 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → For total arsenic in brassica vegetables, as sold, the reference median was below 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 10 to between 10 and 13 µg/kg across 58 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →10Ventura M, Rego A, Gueifão S, Delgado I, Coelho I · 2025Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachFoodsRead source →

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, brassica vegetables, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (5.2 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (98 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for brassica vegetables

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing brassica vegetables for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1.75 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 10,000 µg/kg (Sultana et al. 2022), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →11Sultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, Mondol MN · 2022Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksEnvironmental Systems ResearchRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.075 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 60 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.088 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 1,000 µg/kg (Sulaiman et al. 2020), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN · 2020Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430Read source →

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying brassica vegetables

No maximum level for metals in brassica vegetables was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from brassica vegetables

No source in the library converted brassica vegetables concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names brassica vegetables was decided on its content: 23 occurrence extracted, 23 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Brassica vegetables FAQs

What heavy metals are found in brassica vegetables?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, I, Mo and Sr in brassica vegetables, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2021Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbagePeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in brassica vegetables, as sold from 754 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 5.2 to 98 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How do heavy metals get into brassica vegetables?

In the studies available, brassica vegetables from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than brassica vegetables from the same study’s control.4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source → Brassica vegetables, as sold from Farm R3 (Rural), field samples had lead higher at 13.6 µg/kg, against 13.4 µg/kg for All six farms, field samples in the same study.4Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE · 2024Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyPLOS ONERead source →

Which regions report the lowest levels in brassica vegetables?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, brassica vegetables, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (5.2 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (98 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How much of the arsenic in brassica vegetables is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 3 results from 2 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →12European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source → European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 reported inorganic arsenic at 5.6 µg/kg (mean) in brassica vegetables, as sold from European dietary-survey occurrence data.12European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbageUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2021 · doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01440dPeer-reviewed
  3. Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachChen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, et al. · Scientific Reports 15:2229 · 2025 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83299-2Peer-reviewed
  4. Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: a pilot studyKim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, et al. · PLOS ONE · 2024 · doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296840Peer-reviewed
  5. BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, and India ( · Peer-reviewed article · 2022 · doi.org/10.53550/pr.2022.v41i03.032Peer-reviewed
  6. Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risksSulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, and Syed Ismail SN · SN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1430 · 2020 · doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03231-xPeer-reviewed
  7. Distribution of Cadmium in Fresh Vegetables Marketed in Southeast China and Its Dietary Exposure AssessmentPan XD and Han JL · Foods 2023, 12, 1204 · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/foods12061204Peer-reviewed
  8. Compound health risk assessment of cumulative heavy metal exposure: A case study of a village near a battery factory in Henan Province, ChinaJiang Y, Ma J, and Ruan X · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · 2020 · doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00104JPeer-reviewed
  9. Quality assessment and potential health risk of heavy metals in leafy and non-leafy vegetables irrigated with groundwater and municipal-waste-dominated stream in the Western Region, GhanaAffum AO, Osae SD, Kwaansa-Ansah EE, and Miyittah MK · Heliyon 6 (2020) e05829 · 2020 · doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05829Peer-reviewed
  10. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachVentura M, Rego A, Gueifão S, Delgado I, and Coelho I · Foods · 2025 · doi.org/10.3390/foods15050838Peer-reviewed
  11. Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksSultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, and Mondol MN · Environmental Systems Research · 2022 · doi.org/10.1186/s40068-022-00261-9Peer-reviewed
  12. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Brassica vegetables Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every brassica vegetables record in the library: 23 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

Graph View