BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTH

Overview

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and accumulated levels of metals in leafy vegetables varied as: Pb (2.16-3.16) > Cr (1.54-2.84) > Cu
vegetables cultivated in the walled garden were much lower and varied as: Pb (1.11-1.46) > Cr (0.66-
vegetables (Agrawal et al., 2007). Usually, the et al., 2010). Prolong intake of metal contaminated
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTH INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES 981
al., 2010). Since, dietary consumption of vegetables Farmers of the area mostly use dug wells, hand
metals, to evaluate the quantum of human health irrigate the vegetable crops (Kulshrestha, 2021). For
Singh et al., 2010). vegetable crops are grown under ideal conditions for
(Perkin Elmer), using air-acetylene flame, in (Ametepey et al., 2018). Leaf vegetables generally
standard stock solutions of metal ions used were non-leaf vegetables (Luo et al., 2011). Thus, metal
of analytical grade (Kulshrestha et al., 2012). Doubly- al., 2007). The leafy vegetables have great tendency
are presented in Table-2. The levels of tested metals local venders, the levels of all tested metals were
garden are given in parenthesis. 2000; WHO, 2007). However, all the vegetables
Root system of the plants bio-accumulates certain vegetables (Table-2, Fig.1) was: Chaulayi (0.51±0.020)
Table 2. Bio-accumulated levels (mg/ Kg, dw) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb found in Leafy Vegetable Samples (n = 5)
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTH INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES 983
(0.34±0.016) >Fenugreek (0.33±0.014, mg/Kg, d.w.). Bathua: Cd (0.34±0.016) <Ni (0.38±0.015) < Cu
(1.54±0.030 mg/Kg, d.w.). The order of accumulated (0.68±0.023) < Cr (2.57± 0.034) < Pb (2.68±0.028); in
(0.46±0.016) > Fenugreek (0.39±0.014 mg/Kg, d. w.). (0.61±0.018) < Cr (2.52±0.028) < (2.61±0.028) and in
vegetables was: Rayi (0.79±0.026) > Chaulayi (0.43±0.014), Cr (1.54±0.030) < Pb (2.26±0.024).
(0.43±0.014) > Bathua (0.38±0.015 mg/Kg, d.w.). The grown on North Indian soil e.g. Cd and Cu in
order of Lead in vegetables was: Rayi (3.16±0.040) > Spinach and Radish leaves (Singh et al., 2010); Cu and
accumulation in studied leafy vegetables (Table 2). the reported results of Cd in Spanich (Tamrakar and
The overall range of studied metals in vegetables Richhariya, 2012); Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in Spinach
area of vegetables (Chang et al., 2014) as first three as: Cd from 0.19 to 0.29, Cr from 0.66 to 1.22, Cu
vegetables (Rayi, Chaulayi and Spinach) have broad from 0.21 to 0.42, Ni from 0.22 to 0.33 and Pb varied
observed levels of studied metals in Spinach (Table 2, results are comparable with earlier results (Kumar et
Fig.1) was: Cd (0.47±0.018) < Ni (0.58±0.016) < Cu al., 2017) reported in leafy vegetables from ground
minimum vegetable requirement of 100 g vegetables
computed values of DIM are presented in Table 3.
vegetable species (Kumar et al., 2017). Among all
The human health risk in terms of health risk tested metals (Table 3) was recorded in Rayi and
metal contaminated vegetables under study and oral (2.1040) > Bathua (2.0905). The daily intake of metals
reference dose (Cui et al., 2004, US –EPA Tech. due to Cadmium in studied leafy vegetables varied
concentration (mg/Kg, dw) in edible parts of Chromium was 0.001, 0.004, 0.04 and 1.5 mg/kg/
used for conversion of fresh weight of vegetable to 2006) and the RfD for Nickel was 0.02 mg/Kg/day
Table 3. Daily intake of metals (DIM, mg/Kg/day/person) through consumption of studied leafy vegetables collected
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTH INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES 985
from Table -3 and R fD (US –EPA, 1997; 2010) in Fenugreek; Copper was: Rayi > Chauleyi > Spinach ~
vegetables (Mahmood and Malik, 2014). Individual Fenugreek >Bathua. Table 4 reveals the potential
vegetables (Ametepey et al., 2018). The computed contaminated with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb.
consumption (USEPA IRIS., 2006), while the health risk index (HRI) due to dietary intake of vegetables
(Table 4, Fig. 3) was: Pb (229.5 - 335.8) > Cd (140.2 to (0.33) >Cd (0.22) >Pb (0.17) >Cu (0.17) (Mahmood

Methods (brief)

fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) collected from local venders were evaluated. The daily
index (HRI) due to tested metals on dietary intake of studied vegetables collected from local
vegetables may lead to the deposition of heavy The samples of selected leafy vegetables were
metals in the human tissues and sensitive internal collected during July 2015 to March 2016 from five
risk through dietary intake of vegetables, has gained comparison purpose, samples of leafy vegetables
importance (Tripathi et al., 1997; Zhuang et al., 2009; were also collected from a walled garden where
most consumed in North India, in terms of young, soft and fresh samples of spinach, bathua,
dietary intake of metals (DIM) (Chary et al., 2008). were collected much before the flowering stage.
1989, 1993; Rattan et al., 2005) by estimating the samples were cleaned 2-3 times with tap water and
studied vegetables collected from local venders. For mud and soil particles. The cleaned samples were
bio-accumulated metals in the studied vegetables. In make samples moisture free. The air dried samples
conditions, without using chemical fertilizers, waste days at 800C to a constant weight. The dried samples
water and street runoff. The description and dietary were grinded to powder and kept in labeled sample
Sample Collection grinded samples (1.0 g) were subjected to HNO3 –
HClO4 (5:1, v/v) digestion at nearly 800C for several system near the plant roots, characteristics of farm
and Pb in vegetable samples were determined on in the kidney and liver of human beings leading to
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Analyst 200 cardiovascular, bone, kidney and CNS diseases
collected from local market, namely Spinach, Bathua, soil and rainwater (Chang et al., 2014).

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised