Heavy metals in Mustard

Quick read

Mustard in the HMI library has 269 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and V from 18 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Matloob MH · 2016Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in IraqPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →}^{6Rupesh Kumar Ojha, Dinesh Mani, Devi Prasad Shukla, Himanchal Vishwakarma, Jeetendra Verma, Manoj Kumar, Suraj Patel · 2024Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soilsAnnals of Plant and Soil ResearchRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 269 results from 18 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Main drivers:
Mustard, as sold from local vendors, Dehradun City (wastewater-irrigated fields) had cadmium higher at 460 µg/kg, against 240 µg/kg for walled garden control in the same study.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Mustard overview

Mustard in the HMI library has 269 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and V from 18 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Matloob MH · 2016Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in IraqPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →}^{6Rupesh Kumar Ojha, Dinesh Mani, Devi Prasad Shukla, Himanchal Vishwakarma, Jeetendra Verma, Manoj Kumar, Suraj Patel · 2024Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soilsAnnals of Plant and Soil ResearchRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in mustard, as sold from 512 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 15.5 to 500 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, mustard, as sold had a median lead result of 6 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 10.8 µg/kg (Wang et al. 2020) to 48.4 µg/kg (Wang et al. 2020).^{7Wang B, Liu Y, Wang H, Cui L, Zhang Z, Guo J, Liu S, Cui W · 2020Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, ChinaFood Science & NutritionRead source →} For cadmium, 2 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 7.22 µg/kg (EMRKB et al. 2019) to 35 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024).^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{8Edirisinghe EMRKB, Jinadasa BKKK · 2019Arsenic and cadmium concentrations in legumes and cereals grown in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka and assessment of their health riskInternational Journal of Food Contamination 6:3Read source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Mustard, as sold from local vendors, Dehradun City (wastewater-irrigated fields) had chromium higher at 2,570 µg/kg, against 1,060 µg/kg for walled garden control in the same study.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the mustard came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as mustard

This page covers mustard in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: mustard, as sold (197 results) and mustard, oil (72 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Matloob MH · 2016Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in IraqPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →}^{6Rupesh Kumar Ojha, Dinesh Mani, Devi Prasad Shukla, Himanchal Vishwakarma, Jeetendra Verma, Manoj Kumar, Suraj Patel · 2024Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soilsAnnals of Plant and Soil ResearchRead source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of mustard

The table holds every extracted mustard result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 269 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Matloob MH · 2016Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in IraqPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →}^{6Rupesh Kumar Ojha, Dinesh Mani, Devi Prasad Shukla, Himanchal Vishwakarma, Jeetendra Verma, Manoj Kumar, Suraj Patel · 2024Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soilsAnnals of Plant and Soil ResearchRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

153 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 4 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 10 values from 3 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{9Sultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, Mondol MN · 2022Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksEnvironmental Systems ResearchRead source →}^{10Liu F, Yang Z, Li Q, Li T · 2023Enrichment Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil-Crop SystemsKSCE Journal of Civil EngineeringRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of mustard, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

269 of 269 findings · 17 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Mustard findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

37 findings · 11 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2022As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2021As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1995–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2012–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017–2020Dry weight	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017Dry weight	median.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	walled garden control2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldOjha et al. 2024	lowest shoot value among the four sites (site not stated)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldOjha et al. 2024	Naini sewage-irrigated site (highest shoot Pb)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	1st phase (early)Collection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	2nd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	3rd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	4th phase (late)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	all four phasesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
10 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

87 findings · 14 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	range.
Mustard, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018–2019Dry weight	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017Dry weight	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017Dry weight	median.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	walled garden control2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldOjha et al. 2024	lowest shoot value among the four sites (site not stated)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldOjha et al. 2024	Naini sewage-irrigated site (highest shoot Cd)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	rice-residue biochar 0% w/w, mean over all Cd/Pb spiking levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	rice-residue biochar 1% w/w, mean over all Cd/Pb spiking levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	rice-residue biochar 2% w/w, mean over all Cd/Pb spiking levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 0 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 25 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 50 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 0 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 0 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 25 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 50 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 10 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 0 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 0 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 25 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 25 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 50 mg/kg, mean over four biochar levelsCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0.5% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 0% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 1% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldPatil et al. 2022	soil spiked Cd 25 / Pb 50 mg/kg, rice-residue biochar 2% w/wCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	1st phase (early)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	2nd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	3rd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	4th phase (late)Collection date unreportedDry weight	not detected.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	all four phasesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
11 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	all samples of this oil/fat typeCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.

14 findings · 5 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2009As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldEMRKB et al. 2019	all samples2016As sold / fresh	range.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.

3 findings · 3 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.

8 findings · 4 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

11 findings · 6 studies
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	walled garden control2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	1st phase (early)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	2nd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	3rd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	4th phase (late)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	all four phasesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
11 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	all samples of this oil/fat typeCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

13 findings · 7 studies
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	walled garden control2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	1st phase (early)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	2nd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	3rd phase (mid)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	4th phase (late)Collection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Mustard, as soldSultana et al. 2022	all four phasesCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Mustard, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.

3 findings · 2 studies
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Mustard, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

2 findings · 2 studies
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
10 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

5 findings · 4 studies
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	local vendors, Dehradun City2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry 2022	walled garden control2015–2016Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldLiu et al. 2023	Yuyao, Zhejiang (all sites)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
10 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

2 findings · 2 studies
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
10 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

2 findings · 2 studies
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.
10 findings · 1 study
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M1, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M2, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M4, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M5, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M7, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M8, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M9, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Mustard, oilMSMM et al. 2024	sample M10, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail marketsCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.

2 findings · 2 studies
Mustard, as soldMatloob 2016	all samples (5 samples per spice, Babil shops)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Mustard, as soldRani et al. 2025	leaves vegetable2017–2018Dry weight	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Mustard, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤6	6–6.4 (bounded)	6.4–50 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤6	6–6.4 (bounded)	6.4–50 (bounded)

64 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	61	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-78efa440104e:e7ce72cd23af

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight. Mustard, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤5000	≤10000
Alternative weighting	≤4.5	≤5000	≤10000

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	50%
Sultana et al. 2022	2	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-949fa42aafab:525b3f209be4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Pb reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	490	610	730
Alternative weighting	490	610	730

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-c7342aaba1e7:7865991a399b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Cd reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Cd reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	7.22	28	38
Alternative weighting	7.22	28	38

47 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	43	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	33%
EMRKB et al. 2019	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-0c1ff3a37ce8:a8ed96e362c6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Cd reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Cd reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight. Mustard, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	45–55 (bounded)	183	318
Alternative weighting	45–55 (bounded)	175	318

8 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	50%
Sultana et al. 2022	4	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-66ce7afcbcaf:e7f1ed1a1ab6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard tAs reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard tAs reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤18.2	≤18.2
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤18.2	≤18.2

22 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	18	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	33%
EMRKB et al. 2019	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-27999dcf5e71:d7a2d274be12

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard iAs reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard iAs reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	3.5–5 (bounded)	7
Alternative weighting	≤3	3.5–5 (bounded)	7

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-0d7eaedd7d42:2403c65d95cd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard tHg reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard tHg reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

21 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	18	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-61cef2aec58f:2e91fc3387fa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	93	110	150
Alternative weighting	93	110	150

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-dafcaa45d69e:2595a011da16

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight. Mustard, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1600	2450	4850
Alternative weighting	1600	2450	4850

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Sultana et al. 2022	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Sultana et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Sultana et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-0494f35b9829:4e23df1dff4d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Ni reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1220	4190	8020
Alternative weighting	1220	4190	8020

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-0c1ca5a341dc:06d694b56c15

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Cr reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Cr reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-e795c3fd84f8:b624b1bab4df

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Cr reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Cr reference · Mustard, as sold, dry weight. Mustard, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	2800	4200	6600
Alternative weighting	2800	4200	6600

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Sultana et al. 2022	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Sultana et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Sultana et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-9ffd7b23a6e5:e3714754e5ca

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Sn reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Sn reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	9–14 (bounded)	18
Alternative weighting	≤10	9–14 (bounded)	18

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-0db6b68cb385:1c0e6cf84e92

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard U reference · Mustard, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI mustard U reference · Mustard, as sold. Mustard, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, as sold on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-808a979353e4:fec032430c65

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Co reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Co reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	770	1690	3870
Alternative weighting	770	1690	3870

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-7d45ec5ff683:49244d845d72

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Cu reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Cu reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	770	1500	2630
Alternative weighting	770	1500	2630

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-79800502ddcd:85ac80ec4189

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Fe reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Fe reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3260	7320	10700
Alternative weighting	3260	7320	10700

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-e0e4c8f2e782:da552da35a23

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI mustard Mn reference · Mustard, oil

Reference and scope

HMI mustard Mn reference · Mustard, oil. Mustard, oil; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	440	755	1480
Alternative weighting	440	755	1480

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
MSMM et al. 2024	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for mustard, oil on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

MSMM et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for mustard, oil on this basis in the completed mustard ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

MSMM et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:mustard-15a50f84c6aa:2a491ce9f5ab

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach mustard

The evidence on how metals reach mustard comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Mustard, as sold from local vendors, Dehradun City (wastewater-irrigated fields) had chromium higher at 2,570 µg/kg, against 1,060 µg/kg for walled garden control in the same study.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in mustard, as sold pools 64 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of between 6 and 6.4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 6 (lower quartile) and between 6.4 and 50 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} For lead in mustard, as sold, the reference median was below 5,000 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 5 to below 10,000 µg/kg across 5 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{9Sultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, Mondol MN · 2022Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksEnvironmental Systems ResearchRead source →} For cadmium in mustard, as sold, the reference median was 28 µg/kg, with a middle half from 7.22 to 38 µg/kg across 47 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Edirisinghe EMRKB, Jinadasa BKKK · 2019Arsenic and cadmium concentrations in legumes and cereals grown in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka and assessment of their health riskInternational Journal of Food Contamination 6:3Read source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, mustard, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (15.5 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (500 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (14 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (236 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted mustard, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 10 µg/kg, against 141 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In another study, targeted mustard, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 87 µg/kg, against 141 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, nickel across 10 groups of mustard ranged from 550 µg/kg (sample M3, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail markets) to 11,300 µg/kg (sample M6, Dhaka/Chattogram/Cumilla/Feni retail markets); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{11Islam MSMM, Akter H, Ali MH, Morshed AJM, Islam MA, Uddin MH, Sarkar MAASU, Siddik MNA · 2024Physicochemical characterization and determination of trace metals in different edible fats and oils in Bangladesh: Nexus to human healthHeliyon 10(18):e37606Read source →} In another study, nickel across 4 groups of mustard ranged from 1,500 µg/kg (2nd phase (mid)) to 6,500 µg/kg (3rd phase (mid)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{9Sultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, Mondol MN · 2022Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksEnvironmental Systems ResearchRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No study in the library measured the same mustard before and after washing, peeling, drying or cooking for metals, so no processing effect can be stated. Heat does not destroy metals; cooking or drying changes a concentration by moving water or metal, not by removing the element.

Mitigation for mustard

No control for metals in mustard was measured in the library; lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable step.

No study in this library has yet measured a way to lower heavy metals in mustard; the studies here compare contaminated and ordinary growing settings, and lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable check.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing mustard for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 2 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 10,000 µg/kg (Sultana et al. 2022), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{9Sultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, Mondol MN · 2022Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksEnvironmental Systems ResearchRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 50.8 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 3 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying mustard

No maximum level for metals in mustard was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from mustard

No source in the library converted mustard concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names mustard was decided on its content: 18 occurrence extracted, 18 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Mustard FAQs

What heavy metals are found in mustard?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and V in mustard, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in mustard, as sold from 512 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 15.5 to 500 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into mustard?

In the studies available, mustard from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than mustard from the same study’s control.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} Mustard, as sold from local vendors, Dehradun City (wastewater-irrigated fields) had cadmium higher at 460 µg/kg, against 240 µg/kg for walled garden control in the same study.^{4INDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, India ( · 2022BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in mustard?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, mustard, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (15.5 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (500 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EURO (14 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (236 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in mustard is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 3 results from 3 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 8 µg/kg (Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012) to 33.7 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014).^{12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTHINDIAN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMER HEALTH RISK DUE TO THEIR DIETARY INTAKE SHAIL KULSHRESTHA Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (P. G.) College, Dehradun, and India ( · Peer-reviewed article · 2022 · doi.org/10.53550/pr.2022.v41i03.032Peer-reviewed
Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in IraqMatloob MH · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · 2016 · doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/62401Peer-reviewed
Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soilsRupesh Kumar Ojha, Dinesh Mani, Devi Prasad Shukla, Himanchal Vishwakarma, Jeetendra Verma, Manoj Kumar, et al. · Annals of Plant and Soil Research · 2024 · doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2024.10420Peer-reviewed
Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, ChinaWang B, Liu Y, Wang H, Cui L, Zhang Z, Guo J, et al. · Food Science & Nutrition · 2020 · doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1851Peer-reviewed
Arsenic and cadmium concentrations in legumes and cereals grown in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka and assessment of their health riskEdirisinghe EMRKB and Jinadasa BKKK · International Journal of Food Contamination 6:3 · 2019 · doi.org/10.1186/s40550-019-0073-xPeer-reviewed
Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health RisksSultana R, Tanvir RU, Hussain KA, Chamon AS, and Mondol MN · Environmental Systems Research · 2022 · doi.org/10.1186/s40068-022-00261-9Peer-reviewed
Enrichment Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil-Crop SystemsLiu F, Yang Z, Li Q, and Li T · KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-2459-9Peer-reviewed
Physicochemical characterization and determination of trace metals in different edible fats and oils in Bangladesh: Nexus to human healthIslam MSMM, Akter H, Ali MH, Morshed AJM, Islam MA, Uddin MH, et al. · Heliyon 10(18):e37606 · 2024 · doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37606Peer-reviewed
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Mustard Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every mustard record in the library: 18 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Graph View

1

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports

2

FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results

3

Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020

4

BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME NORTH

5

Using Stripping Voltammetry to Determine Heavy Metals in Cooking Spices Used in Iraq

6

Phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea L. grown in different Cd and Pb polluted sewage irrigated soils

Food and Drug Administration

LEAFY VEGETABLES

7

Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China

8

Arsenic and cadmium concentrations in legumes and cereals grown in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka and assessment of their health risk

9

Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health Risks

10

Enrichment Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil-Crop Systems

11

Physicochemical characterization and determination of trace metals in different edible fats and oils in Bangladesh: Nexus to human health

12

The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic

13

European Food Safety Authority

Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population