Camel milk in the HMI library has 550 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, Si, Sr, Ti and Tl from 16 sources.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel and chromium and others, in 550 results from 16 sources.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →
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Main drivers:
Camel milk, as sold from raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated had cadmium higher at 3.2 µg/kg, against 3.1 µg/kg for raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated in the same study.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →
Camel milk overview
Camel milk in the HMI library has 550 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, Si, Sr, Ti and Tl from 16 sources.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source →
Across 7 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 0.92 µg/kg (Parsaei et al. 2019) to 667 µg/kg (Batool et al. 2019).3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →8Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel MilkPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source → For cadmium, 8 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.14 µg/kg (Parsaei et al. 2019) to 102 µg/kg (Ahmad et al. 2017).2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →8Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel MilkPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Camel milk, as sold from raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated had cadmium higher at 3.2 µg/kg, against 3.1 µg/kg for raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated in the same study.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the camel milk came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as camel milk
This page covers camel milk in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: camel milk, as sold (546 results) and camel milk, cooked (4 results).1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source →
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Almost every camel milk value in the library is for raw milk; a few are for shubat (fermented camel milk) or for milk boiled in one study. The library holds no metal values for pasteurized camel milk, camel milk powder, camel milk cheese or chal. Measured regions are Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Xinjiang in China and Nigeria. No values are verified for the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Mongolia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, India or Algeria. Several camel milk studies are small or lack quality checks, and printed tables sometimes disagree with the same paper’s text. Those values are kept as printed and flagged on their rows. Yang et al. 2025 state no quality-control data for their Tacheng samples, and the Tacheng camel milk values for beryllium, cobalt, cadmium, vanadium and antimony are about 20 to 60 times those from Altay and Ili; treat the Tacheng values as unreviewed. Soryal et al. 2026 is a preprint that has not been peer reviewed, and its table of detection limits does not line up with its own results. Abdelrahman et al. 2025 print different lead means for the same samples in Table 5 and Table 6; both are shown as printed. Their quality check used a water reference material, not a milk one. Mostafidi et al. 2016 report a chromium value for Qazvin although their conclusion says no chromium was found; Shar et al. 2021 print cadmium and lead values below their own stated detection limit; Batool et al. 2019 report lead of 0.667 to 3.17 ppm from one sample per milk type without a detection limit.
Heavy metal contamination profile of camel milk
The table holds every extracted camel milk result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 550 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.
0 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 132 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 36 values from 6 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source →9Assessing the risk of heavy metals contamination in milk from PakistanInternational Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2021, 03(01), 107-113Read source →10Evaluation of mineral content and heavy metals of dromedary camel milk in IranFood Science and Technology (Campinas) 36(4):717-723Read source →11Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrationsBMC Veterinary Research 20:34Read source →
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of camel milk, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 89 findings from 13 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
529 of 529 findings · 31 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
85 findings · 13 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Spring, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Summer, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Winter, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | all 8 farms (sample i)Collection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | all 63 samples, four regions (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Almaty region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Aralsk region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Atyrau region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Atyrau region, highest single sample (sample ii)Collection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | farm 1, Almaty region (sample i)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | farm 4, Shymkent region (sample i)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Shymkent region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | mean.Same samples: 0.12–16.7 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | range. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged ≤2 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 3 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 4 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 5 years or older2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | autumn collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | spring collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | summer collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | winter collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1 µg/kg (minimum); 34 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1.3 µg/kg (minimum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | max. | ||
76 findings · 13 studies · 5 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Spring, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Summer, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Winter, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | mean.Same samples: 0.06–4.25 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | range. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged ≤2 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 3 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 4 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 5 years or older2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | autumn collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | spring collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | summer collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | winter collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1.5 µg/kg (minimum); 4.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1.2 µg/kg (minimum); 5.9 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | max. | ||
13 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1.2 µg/kg (minimum); 6.7 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | mean.Same samples: 1 µg/kg (minimum); 4.1 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYazdanian et al. 2025 | raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated2023 | max. | ||
14 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | mean.Same samples: 1.03–5.61 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | all samples, Isfahan Province dairy farms2017–2018 | range. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged ≤2 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 3 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 4 years2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | animals aged 5 years or older2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | autumn collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | spring collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | summer collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldParsaei et al. 2019 | winter collection2017–2018 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
26 findings · 9 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
21 findings · 6 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | all 63 samples, four regions (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Almaty region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Aralsk region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Atyrau region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Shymkent region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
11 findings · 3 studies · 3 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | mean.Same samples: 2,950 µg/kg (minimum); 72,500 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | not detected. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: fermented with S.2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: skimmed: fat2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: skimmed: skim milk2021–2023 | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, cookedZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: boiled 10 min in2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, cookedZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: boiled 10 min in2021–2023 | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
35 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | all samples, five regions and three seasonsCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Central region (Riyadh), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Eastern region (Dammam), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Northern region (Al-Jouf), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Southern region (Najran), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Spring, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Summer, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), all seasonsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), springCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), summerCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Western region (Mecca), winterCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldAbdelrahman et al. 2025 | Winter, all five regionsCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
45 findings · 12 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (minimum); 4,380 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing around industrial area2021–2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (minimum); 90 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | milk from she-camels grazing in non-industrial area2021–2023 | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: fermented with S.2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: skimmed: fat2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: skimmed: skim milk2021–2023 | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, cookedZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: boiled 10 min in2021–2023 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, cookedZakaria et al. 2024 | processed milk from industrial-area group B: boiled 10 min in2021–2023 | mean. | ||
28 findings · 10 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
18 findings · 7 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
45 findings · 11 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldAhmad et al. 2017 | Shnwa Gudi Khel, District Karak, KPKCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 6 of the 8 farms (sample i; shubat missing for farms 1 and 6)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | 8 farms close to pollution sources, South Kazakhstan (sample i)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | all 63 samples, four regions (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Almaty region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Aralsk region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Atyrau region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2009 | Shymkent region farms (sample ii)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | all five oblasts (total mean)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Almaty oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Atyrau oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Kyzylorda oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | South-Kazakhstan oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldKonuspayeva et al. 2011 | Zhambyl oblast, KazakhstanCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Faguji farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Goburawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Isawa farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Jahuri farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSaleh et al. 2024 | Uzum farm, Giade LGA, Bauchi StateCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Qassim region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoltan et al. 2017 | Riyadh region camel milk2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
7 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
5 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldFayed et al. 2017 | Marsa Matrouh Governorate, lactating she-camels2016 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
7 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
17 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldBatool et al. 2019 | fresh camel milk, Faisalabad local market (S3)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldShar et al. 2021 | Hyderabad and adjacent areas, SindhCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
9 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
5 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
7 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
9 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | all regions, Iran (n = 25)Collection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Bushehr regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Golestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Khuzestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Qazvin regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Semnan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Sistan-Baluchestan regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldMostafidi et al. 2016 | Tehran regionCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
8 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldChen et al. 2020 | camel milk, Xinjiang, ChinaCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Altay (Fuhai County, Altay Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Ili (Huocheng County, Ili Prefecture), grazing, 90-120 days2024 | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldYang et al. 2025 | Tacheng2024 | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Halayeb & Shalateen region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Matrouh region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Ras Sidr region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
| Camel milk, as soldSoryal et al. 2026 | Sidi Barani region, Egyptian desertCollection date unreported | mean. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The value could not be reconciled with its own paper, so it is shown but not compared.
No medians or sample values exist for this form and metal, so no HMI reference could be built.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach camel milk
The evidence on how metals reach camel milk comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Camel milk, as sold from raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated had cadmium higher at 3.2 µg/kg, against 3.1 µg/kg for raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated in the same study.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source →
These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.
Which forms and regions measured lower
In one study, lead across 8 groups of camel milk ranged from 10 µg/kg (Zhambyl oblast, Kazakhstan) to 60 µg/kg (Almaty oblast, Kazakhstan); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source → In another study, lead across 8 groups of camel milk ranged from 0.92 µg/kg (animals aged ≤2 years) to 14.4 µg/kg (animals aged 5 years or older); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.8Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel MilkPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.
Mitigation for camel milk
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing camel milk for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 3 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2020) to 10 µg/kg (Konuspayeva et al. 2011), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2020) to 1 µg/kg (Konuspayeva et al. 2011), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.8 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2020) to 100 µg/kg (Konuspayeva et al. 2009), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →5Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanThe Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology JournalRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying camel milk
No maximum level for metals in camel milk was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from camel milk
No source in the library converted camel milk concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names camel milk was decided on its content: 16 occurrence extracted, 16 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Camel milk FAQs
What heavy metals are found in camel milk?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, Si, Sr, Ti and Tl in camel milk, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualitySustainability 2025, 17, 10205Read source →2Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanJournal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques 2017, 8(3): 367Read source →3Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsInternational Journal of Biosciences 15(1):162-168Read source →4Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)RSC AdvancesRead source →
How do heavy metals get into camel milk?
In the studies available, camel milk from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than camel milk from the same study’s control.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source → Camel milk, as sold from raw camel milk samples from which E. coli was isolated had cadmium higher at 3.2 µg/kg, against 3.1 µg/kg for raw camel milk samples from which S. aureus was isolated in the same study.7Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkVeterinary Medicine and ScienceRead source →
Which origins or products of camel milk measured lowest?
In one study, lead across 8 groups of camel milk ranged from 10 µg/kg (Zhambyl oblast, Kazakhstan) to 60 µg/kg (Almaty oblast, Kazakhstan); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.6Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanJournal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2, 90-96Read source → In another study, lead across 8 groups of camel milk ranged from 0.92 µg/kg (animals aged ≤2 years) to 14.4 µg/kg (animals aged 5 years or older); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.8Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel MilkPolish Journal of Environmental StudiesRead source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Regional and Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Saudi Dromedary Camel Serum and Milk as Bioindicators of Environmental QualityPeer-reviewed
- Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), PakistanPeer-reviewed
- Comparative study of nutritional status, minerals and heavy metal contents in tetra pack branded milk samples with fresh milk from selected milk producing animalsPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)Peer-reviewed
- Pollution of Camel Milk by Heavy Metals in KazakhstanPeer-reviewed
- Contamination of Camel Milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in KazakhstanPeer-reviewed
- Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milkPeer-reviewed
- Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel MilkPeer-reviewed
- Assessing the risk of heavy metals contamination in milk from PakistanPeer-reviewed
- Evaluation of mineral content and heavy metals of dromedary camel milk in IranPeer-reviewed
- Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrationsPeer-reviewed
Sources
Browse Camel milk Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every camel milk record in the library: 16 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.