Comprehensive analysis of heavy metal soil contamination in mining

Overview

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Key numbers

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1. Introduction primary contributors to soil contamination (Zheng et al., 2021). Sys
terials across diverse sectors (Soltani et al., 2017). However, the rami (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011). For example, Umeobi et al. (Umeobi
fications of mining activities on the environment, particularly in the et al., 2024) investigated the distribution of elements and potentially
environmental concern (Mir et al., 2020). Nigeria was investigated. The results indicated that soils affected by
deleterious substances into the environment (Li et al., 2023). The mining mining activities, were also moderately contaminated.
E-mail addresses: ss.hedayatikhah69@yahoo.com (S. Hedayatikhah), aliaghababai@yahoo.com (A. Aghababai Beni).
1878-5352/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Haghighizadeh et al. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 17 (2024) 105777
the surrounding air and water ecosystems. The mining processes asso 2. Sources and causes of heavy metal ion pollution
employed in industrial applications, potentially leading to air pollution. 2.1. Mining activities and mineral exploitation
potentially impacting human health (Aubineau et al., 2022). metals into the environment, significantly contributing to lead, zinc,
Investigations demonstrate that the microbial-catalyzed electron manganese, iron, and copper contamination (Hu et al., 2020). The
acceptors such as Fe(III), which compete with Cr(VI) in the reduction concerns (Setia et al., 2023).
acceptors. Additionally, assessments reveal that paddy soils outperform For example, in a study conducted by Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2023),
removing heavy metals in fluvo-aquic and paddy soils (Kou et al., 2024). centrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were confined to specific
(Adnan et al., 2024). Heavy metals exist in various forms including mining areas and downstream, particularly in proximity to the mining
each with different geochemical and mineralogical backgrounds (Mishra Li et al. (Li et al., 2024) investigated the multipath diffusion process
et al., 2023). Previous research has shown that the solubility of trace and spatial accumulation simulation of cadmium (Cd) in lead–zinc
mineralogy of the soil (Piatak et al., 2004). Therefore, even in complex mining areas exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing distance from
metal inputs (Parvin et al., 2022). Additionally, it should be noted that highlighted the significant contributions of rainfall runoff and atmo
influenced by the minerals present in the soil as well as other variables 80 %. Their model showed that rainfall runoff predominantly influences
like pH (Wu et al., 2020). Cd distribution, with a contribution rate ranging from 80.8 % to 100 %.
et al., 2023). Throughout different historical periods, primary sources of lation around lead–zinc mines.
and others (Karn et al., 2021). Agricultural areas near mines and such as uncontrolled tailings release, intensify the environmental
aluminum smelters have been subject to contamination, with mining burden of manganese contamination (Pinto et al., 2011). Dey et al. (Dey
operations, smelting processes, and agricultural practices being the et al., 2023) highlighted that the accumulation of environmental pol
et al., 2018). Agricultural activities have been identified as the main They stressed the importance of effectively managing the industrial
contributors to cadmium and copper in soils (Adnan et al., 2022; Shi reprocessing of Mn pollutants, which encompasses factors such as
et al., 2023). Additionally, elevated concentrations of heavy metals have transportation, recycling techniques, and resource utilization, in an
mentary reservoirs (Kinnunen and Hedrich, 2023). Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, the rapid escalation of manganese
dustry plants, emphasizing the interconnectedness of land, air, and mus et al., 2022). Giri et al. (Giri et al., 2023) investigated the spatio-
A. Haghighizadeh et al. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 17 (2024) 105777
quality standards in approximately 75 % of the samples across all sea Fig. 1 depicts the intricate connections among various factors that
identify four factors explaining 68.1 % of the variance in the data, et al., 2023; Orellana Mendoza et al., 2021). Chemicals employed in the
carcinogenic health risks compared to adults. The Hazard Index for 2022; Karnaeva et al., 2021). Disturbances to the soil during mining
the child population exceeded one (1.16) during the pre-monsoon sea operations, such as layer depletion and surface irregularities, contribute
son, indicating a health risk for vulnerable children. to the escalation of soil contamination (Rosas et al., 2007). Waters
Zhang et al. (Zhang et al., 2023) reported that different soil types contaminated during mining processes or mineral extraction can
possess varying physical and chemical properties, which directly influ intensify soil contamination upon entering the soil (Liu et al., 2018). In
below 7, which can increase the solubility of heavy metal ions in the soil, pollution (Ng et al., 2019). Mining activities can induce irregularities in
consequently leading to higher levels of contamination. Conversely, the soil, becoming a source of soil contamination (Feitosa et al., 2021).

Methods (brief)

The mining industry, serving as a linchpin for global economic surfaced in soil samples collected from mining sites, necessitating a
metals in soil samples is influenced by the primary chemistry and mining areas. Their findings revealed that Cd in the topsoil of Pb-Zn
quality standards in approximately 75 % of the samples across all sea Fig. 1 depicts the intricate connections among various factors that
relationships among heavy metals concentrations, pollution sources, heavy metal concentrations, with upstream SPM samples displaying
findings revealed that SPM samples exhibited higher concentrations of sea cucumbers (Bengali: Somuddro Sosha) as bioindicators of heavy
particulate heavy metals compared to paired sediment samples collected metal contamination and toxicity. The most commonly observed heavy
and shipping release heavy metals into free marine ecosystems, posing a sample condition and changes during the cultivation process (Wang
measures to safeguard individual and collective health. within the study area, capturing representative samples that provide
samples from significant and polluted points for each element sepa Furthermore, the application of Synchrotron-based X-ray Fluores
Moving on to the analysis stage, the selection of appropriate tech iron, and copper in soil samples (Masindi, 2017). Synchrotron-based
niques is of paramount importance. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy XFM offers high spatial resolution and elemental mapping capabilities,
(AAS) is employed for measuring the concentration of each element allowing for detailed examination of the spatial distribution of heavy
individually in soil samples, providing accurate information on the metals in soil samples. XFM requires access to synchrotron facilities,
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is utilized for the high- consuming and may not be suitable for routine analysis.
precision analysis of trace elements in soil samples (Ech-Charef et al., The Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique serves
of the concentrations of lead, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper in soil of these elements in soil samples, providing continuous improvement in
samples, offering rapid results (Qu et al., 2022). data collection from various points in the region (Zhang et al., 2021). It
AAS is suitable for measuring individual elements with high accu offers real-time elemental analysis and can be portable for field appli

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised