Toxic Metal Content in Deciduous Teeth: A Systematic Review

Overview

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Key numbers

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• child (37), child’s diet (52,56), and passive smoking (46,49,50,55) (see Table 1).
• Table 1. General characteristics of included studies.
• Nazemisalman double-distilled water, 10% differences were found
• et al. (39) HNO3 , and 30% H2 O2 . based on tooth type, jaw, or
• from 1.1 to 3.7 ppm. Lead differences in environmental
• postnatal exposure. (208 Pb represents 52.4% of development. Multiplying
• content in primary teeth examined. The samples Mica-Ruminia) was 60–95%
• 56.1% from industrial areas
• 44.2% from non-industrial
• areas and 28.8% from
• teeth: Pb 213.26 ppb, Cd
• 23.75 ppb; in saliva: Pb
• 11.83 ppb, Cd 3.18 ppb.
• Pb (235.20 ppb) than anterior
• teeth (107.87 ppb, p = 0.006).
• Ericson (56) Pb, Ca. Tijuana—3.7 ppm
• Sinaloa—1.57 ppm
• Michigan. primary teeth (N = 146). Urban: Prenatal indoor pets;
• Inductively coupled plasma Na, Mg, Al, Cr, Zn, Ag, Fe, Al 17.9 ± 12.3 ppm
• Amr (42) Sixty-four primary teeth pulp. mass spectrometry Ni, Cu, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, U, Cr 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm No data.
• (ICP-MS). Mn, Co, As, Se, Mo, Bi. Mn 5.5 ± 2 ppm
• Ni 1.66 ± 0.46 ppm
• As 0.82 ± 0.07 ppm
• Inductively coupled plasma Na, Mg, Al, Cr, Zn, Ag, Fe, Sr 87 ± 11.3 ppm
• Amr (42) Sixty-four primary teeth pulp. mass spectrometry Ni, Cu, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, U, Mo 1.8 ± 0.29 ppm No data.
• (ICP-MS). Mn, Co, As, Se, Mo, Bi. Ag 0.08 ± 0.03 ppm
• Cd 0.00011 ± 0.00001 ppm
• Pb 1.2 ± 0.89 ppm
• (N = 329). Industrial 275.5
• ASD = 0.27 (0.27) ppm
• Laser ablation inductively ASD = 0.29 (0.29) ppm
• Abdullah (44) No data. coupled plasma mass Pb, Hg, Mn. TD = 0.43 (0.61) ppm No data.
• ASD = 1.42 (0.61) ppm
• ASD = 1.47 (0.77) ppm
• Laser ablation inductively ASD = 1.41 (1.10) ppm
• Abdullah (44) No data. coupled plasma mass Pb, Hg, Mn. TD = 1.63 (0.95) ppm No data.
• ASD = 1.87 (2.01) ppm
• Turkey. (N = 25). Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, P, Sr.
• Turkey. (N = 25). Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, P, Sr.
• Lebanon. teeth (N = 9). Ba, Pb, Th, U.
• Carious: 0.06 ppb
• Non-carious: 0.04 ppb

Methods (brief)

• Revised: 25 June 2025 coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).
• teeth with permanent ones, deciduous teeth can be collected in a non-invasive manner (11).
• metals. All collected studies were assessed using predetermined selection criteria, and the
• but only Friedman et al. did not decide to examine the amount of lead (54). The level
• atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (48), graphite furnace atomic absorption spec-
• trometry (GFAAS) (37,38,43,52), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP
• MS) (40–42,44–47,51,55) and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) (56). Many authors
• were based on samples from Iran (39,47,52), four from the USA (37,53,55,56), two from
• Gomes et al. (43) from Brazil, Yalcin et al. (46) from Turkey, Friedman et al. (54) from
• To assess how tooth type, spectrometry (AAS). Sample
• lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Different AAS techniques
• zinc (Zn). technique (FAAS) for Zn,
• (GFAAS) for Pb and Cd, and
• developing an LA-ICPMS mass spectrometry with (increasing at surface) and
• sampling framework. laser ablation (LA-ICPMS). elevated Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca
• compared with a control via flame AAS, Pb via showed no statistically
• group. graphite furnace AAS, and significant differences
• Hg via cold vapor AAS. between the groups.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• teething-and-snacks
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

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