The effect of chelating agents including potassium tartrate and

Overview

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compared to control 99.43% with potassium tartrate and 98.96% with potassium cit-
rate) and cadmium (reduction rate compared to control 95.13% with potassium tar-
trate and 92.77% with potassium citrate). Potassium tartrate outperforms potassium
citrate in terms of cadmium reduction. Up to 200 ppm applicable chelating agents,
ments. In general, rice cookers are advised to use levels up to 200 ppm of citrate or
99%–99.4% and cadmium 92.8%–95.1%.
Asian countries, where it provides approximately 70% of daily cal- trate, dipotassium tartrate, and argol. It is tartaric acid’s potassium
and life-threatening poisoning (Shuklasr, 2005). Heavy metal con- and is odorless. It has a potassium content of 38.28% by mass. It
issues that humans are currently dealing with (Chaney et al., 2004). from vegetable oil and their meal. Potassium tartrate and potas-
vegetables (Sharma et al., 2007), and rice (Naseri et al., 2014). The Three types of imported rice included codes I, T, U imported from
tion of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and cobalt) concentrations of 50 to 5,000 ppm (standard permeable limit of
Cr being the most common. The effect of cooking on the bioavail- this study, the best concentration preferred was 200 ppm because
ability of cadmium and arsenic in rice was investigated by Zhuang concentrations above 200 ppm of these chelating agents not only in-
in 200 ml of 200 ppm aqueous potassium citrate or tartrate solution technology students assessed the samples for taste, aftertaste, tex-
200 ppm aqueous potassium citrate or tartrate solution and 30-min texture, and color. For each sensory property, the value score ranged
cording to the Table 1 (Hashemi garmdareh and Goli, 2020; Hashemi Nazari & Goli, 2017; Zonoubi & Goli, 2021).
HNO3 (Merck, Germany): 3 ml HCl (Merck, Germany)) were deter- 5% level of confidence in mean values. Microsoft Excel 2010 was
and the corresponding standard curve was drawn. The rate of recov- Table 2 shows the lead content of three types of imported rice and
ery of Cd and Pb was greater than 95% (Chang et al., 2016; Ochoa three types of exported rice. There was a statistically significant
TA B L E 1 Treatments used in this study and 113 ppb, were confirmed to be around in imported T and I rice,
were confirmed to be around 2,390 and 133 ppb, in samples A and P,
the presence of chelating agents WHO regulations set the lead limit for rice at 150 ppb (Food and
presence of potassium tartrate (200 ppm)
citrate (200 ppm) In terms of lead, several experiments have shown that soil and plant
presence of potassium citrate (200 ppm) dustrial plants. While there have been evidence of exposure to lead
TA B L E 2 Comparison of lead and cadmium content (ppb) in dried crude rice and them removal-percent in dried cooked-rinsing
Note: Means ± SE (n = 10) with different letters in each column indicate significant difference (p < .05). WHO regulations set the lead and cadmium
limit for rice at 150 and 60 ppb, respectively.
Note: Means ± SE (n = 10) with different letters in each column indicate significant difference
(p < .05). WHO regulations set the lead and cadmium limit for rice at 150 and 60 ppb, respectively.
confirmed to be around 177.7 and 38.7 ppb, in samples A and P,
respectively. Both exported and imported samples had a cadmium As seen in Table 3, there is a statistically significant difference be-
nificant. The cadmium limit for rice is set at 60 ppb by WHO regu- with raw rice reporting the largest level of lead. This value reached
lations (Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), 2004). Arsenic 2,877.72 ppb when rice was soaked and cooked without chelating
China ranged from 149 to 189 ppb, with cadmium concentrations in the cooking process with chelating agents than in the soaking stage
18% of the samples exceeding the normal. Though there has been with chelating agents (p < .05). Since potassium tartrate and citrate
Note: Means ± SE (n = 40) with different letters in each column indicate significant difference (p < .05).
salts can increase the extraction of lead from plant sources due to et al. (2007) recorded a cadmium reduction of about 10%–15%. In
by previous studies and observations in this study. According to the 1:2) reduced cadmium by 10% (Zhuang et al., 2016). Tartaric acid,
Table 3 shows that there is a statistically significant difference be-
cooked without chelating agents, the content reached 216.81 ppb, The most significant qualitative parameter is the product’s sensory
which was still much higher than the standard amount. The use of assessment. Table 4 shows the results of sensory assessment of

Methods (brief)

Correspondence coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent-7700X ICP-MS) was used to assess the
complete Cd and Pb content in rice samples acid-digested (500 mg dry-sample, 9 ml
large degree using such cooking techniques (Morekian et al., 2013). local market (Isfahan, Iran). For each type of rice, 10 samples of
The volume/weight ratio of soaking or/and cooking solution to rice The cooked-rinsing rice samples were evaluated using a five-point
in 200 ml of 200 ppm aqueous potassium citrate or tartrate solution technology students assessed the samples for taste, aftertaste, tex-
Acid digestion was used to determine the total Cd and Pb content in out. The SPSS software was used to interpret the results (version
rice samples. Total Cd and Pb concentrations (500 mg dry ash, 9 ml 22). Duncan’s test was used to quantify important variations at the
INC). After that, the samples were centrifuged and filtered (cellulose Parsaei et al., 2018).
mass spectrometer (Agilent 7700X ICP-MS). To validate the method 3 | R E S U LT S A N D D I S CU S S I O N
were confirmed to be around 2,390 and 133 ppb, in samples A and P,
1 blank Crude sample respectively. Both exported and imported samples had a lead reduc-
blank sample Blank 3,339.49 ± 851.63a - 243.33 ± 54.26a -
confirmed to be around 177.7 and 38.7 ppb, in samples A and P,
respectively. Both exported and imported samples had a cadmium As seen in Table 3, there is a statistically significant difference be-
reduction of 59.19–72.06 percent, which was not statistically sig- tween the various treatments as compared to the control sample,
the amount of cadmium in 484 rice samples from various regions of as between S-Cit and C-Cit. There was a stronger reduction in lead in
18% of the samples exceeding the normal. Though there has been with chelating agents (p < .05). Since potassium tartrate and citrate
TA B L E 4 Comparison of the treatment type on overall acceptance of cooked-rinsing rice samples

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised