Analysis revealed arsenic (0.58-0.67 mg/L), lead (0.66-0.95 mg/L), mercury (0.10-0.14 mg/L), and E. coli (up to 1349.75

Overview

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Key numbers

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• Analysis revealed arsenic (0.58-0.67 mg/L), lead (0.66-0.95 mg/L), mercury (0.10-0.14 mg/L), and E. coli (up to 1349.75
• MPN/100 mL) concentrations. Nitrate increased from 15.12 mg/L upstream to 19.06 mg/L downstream, while E. coli
• .654-.69). Mining activities (59%) dominated water pollution compared to industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and
• community campaigns (95.71%). Findings revealed that river pollution contributes significantly to economic, health, and
• pollution contributes significantly to about 80% of global University, Ghana
• 40% of the rural water sources are unsafe for drinking pur- 2030 if current pollution trends persist.48 However, the
• common due to microbial pollution. Cases of mercury poi- influenced by river pollution.70 With a 95% confidence
• soning from artisanal mining have led to kidney, skin, gastro- interval, a 5% error margin, and 50% assumed prevalence
• ants (10%). Purposive sampling method was employed first to identify
• The instruments used were Hach HQ2200 Portable pH/EC/ 0.72) indicated a strong internal consistency among ques-
• samples in each river. This aided in representing spatially Table 1. Acceptable Water Standards for Safe Drinking Water.
• 0.5 m below the surface and about 1 metre away from the Arsenic (As, mg/L) 0.01 0.01
• Grab Sampling Protocol (APHA 1060B) was followed in Nitrate (NO3, mg/L) 50 50
• Lead (Pb, mg/L) 0.01 0.01
• clean HDPE bottles, while glass bottles were used to store Mercury (Hg, mg/L) 0.001 0.006
• Hach HQ2200 Portable pH/EC/TDS/DO Metre, with an removal of duplicate entries, standardisation of units for
• contamination were analysed using the Membrane Filtration of each river for consumption, as shown in Table 1.
• levels for all tests were set at .05. Results were carefully Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of Chemical Contaminants and
• health concerns. These methods helped to build a compre- As (mg/L) 0.61 0.05 0.13 1.25
• hensive understanding of river pollution behaviour, associ- Pb (mg/L) 0.83 0.03 0.07 1.05
• ated societal perceptions, and health risks associated with Hg (mg/L) 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.21
• rivers in Ghana. Table 2 and Figure 3 display the variation Escherichia coli; EC, electrical conductivity; TDS, total dissolved solids.
• recorded mean Arsenic of 0.61 mg/L (SD = 0.05), lead of MPN/100 mL, SD = 145.3), ranging from 1020 to 1420
• 0.83 mg/L (SD = 0.03), and mercury of 0.11 mg/L (SD = MPN/100 mL, exceeded the Ghana Standard Authority85
• life and food chains. These authors added that mercury ity (mean = 801.25 µS/cm, SD = 99.8, and range = 675-
• builds up in the aquatic environment cause food poisoning 910 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (mean = 1505.45
• from plants to the smallest prey and the top predator, and mg/L, SD = 95.34 and range = 1300 to 1760 NTU) reflect
• seizures, and memory loss. The maximum mercury concen- ity concentration (mean = 1525.75 NTU, SD = 197.55)
• tration (0.21 mg/L) implies localised contamination, possi- further demonstrates the presence of suspended particles,
• pollutants in the water bodies. .49) and strong (r ⩾ .50). As presented in Table 3, there was
• Similarly, the mean nitrate concentration (17.3 mg/L, a strong positive correlation between Arsenic (As) and
• SD = 1.9) found in Table 2 and Figure 3, which is lower nitrate (NO3-; r = .98), and this suggests that these pollut-
• WHO2 limit (50 mg/L) might result from the use of inor- mining waste. A strong correlation also occurred between
• level ranged from slightly acidic to neutral (SD = 0.25 and transporting heavy metals in water. Ofori et al35 and Daud
• range = 5.45-7.65), with a mean value of 6.09 (SD = 0.25) et al36 reported that when heavy metals like Arsenic adsorb
• WHO2 acceptable limits (from 6.5 to 8.5), they might influ- aquatic life upon uptake. A strong association was also
• in the rivers.94,95 Furthermore, mean E. coli (1243.75 cating that suspended particles play a key role
• Table 3. Pearson Moment Correlation Analysis Showing Association Between Water Quality Parameters.
• Indicators As (mg/L) Pb (mg/L) Hg (mg/L) pH NO3 (mg/L) EC (µS/cm) TDS (mg/L) (MPN/100 mL) (NTU)
• Table 4 and Figure 5 present water quality parameters lutant distance downstream. The maximum value of arsenic
• components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explain 92.86% of the MPN/100 mL), and total dissolved solids (2432 mg/L) was
• total variation in the pollution of the major rivers. PC1, obtained within the 0.5 to 1 km range from the source and

Methods (brief)

• Water samples from 6 major rivers were analysed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters based on APHA
• difficult to evaluate the full extent of water pollution and its the sampling of water (see Figure 1). Water samples were
• impact on aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, Olisah et al57 collected from 6 major rivers in strategically three (3) chosen
• Abraham et al,46 Baffoe et al,48 and Abanyie et al.64 This were simaltaneously collected, allowing statistical analysis
• improving water management, pollution control, and health Ankwaaso, and Dominase communities that have been
• achievement of Ghana’s national development priorities and through Prestea, Ankwaaso, and Dominase, and is impacted
• necessary data for policymakers to develop effective strate- water for Prestea, Ankwaaso, and Dominase communities
• Ntotroso, Techiman, Elubo, Prestea, Ankwaaso, Dominase, Krachi has about 20 000, and Ntotroso’s population is esti-
• Nsawam, Amasaman and Weija are located along the Densu Ankwaaso has approximately 5000, and Dominase is esti-
• Tano River, while Prestea, Ankwaaso, and Dominase are significantly on rivers for drinking water, fishing, and irri-
• plantations. However, water pollution in these communities Furthermore, the sample size was calculated using
• Sample Size els of pollution. This technqiue ensured that the research
• The study estimated sample size comprised respondents findings and results are relevant and applicable to environ-
• Ankwaaso, Dominase, Dadieso, Kwadwo Addaikrom, sample from the desired population. A total of three (3)
• River), Prestea, Ankwaaso, and Dominase (Ankobra metre, Hanna Instruments HI-93102, and Nephelometric
• drinking water, fishing and irrigation. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy calibration was carried
• water samples. Minor revision were made to the wording of
• Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) with hydride generation ity data were validated using multiply analytical procedures

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic

Verification notes

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Update history

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