Lee et al. 2017 - Metal migration from camping cooking utensils
Lee et al. tested hazardous-metal migration from camping cooking utensils under different use environments. The study directly supports cookware and metal-utensil pages because it compares distilled water, 0.5 percent citric acid, and 1 percent NaCl simulants, with and without bottom scratches. Acidic and salty conditions increased selected metal release, and physical scratches increased overall migration.
Key numbers
| Finding | Source-reported value |
|---|---|
| Utensil materials | Stainless steel, hard aluminium, soft aluminium, and fluorocarbon-resin-coated cookware |
| Simulants | Distilled water, 0.5 percent citric acid, and 1 percent NaCl |
| Standard test condition | 100 degrees C for 30 min |
| Hard aluminium, citric acid | Aluminium 51.97 mg/L without scratch; 53.86 mg/L with scratch |
| Soft aluminium, citric acid | Aluminium 24.89 mg/L without scratch; 31.78 mg/L with scratch |
| Stainless steel, citric acid | Pb 0.001 mg/L, As 0.001 mg/L, Cd 0.007 mg/L, Ni 0.021 mg/L in Table 7 |
| Scratch effect | Physical scratches increased overall hazardous-metal release across solvents |
| Time effect | Aluminium migration rose in acidic condition; arsenic migration rose in basic/salty condition according to the authors’ discussion |
| Compliance | The abstract states all measured migration values were appropriate for the applicable criteria |
Methods (brief)
The authors classified commercial camping cookware by material, exposed utensils to food simulants at boiling temperature, and measured Pb, As, Cd, Ni, and Al migration by ICP-OES. Scratch experiments compared intact and physically scratched cookware bottoms.
The article body is primarily Korean, but the English abstract and extracted tables provide routeable values and methods. This page records only values visible in the accessible text layer.
Implications
For metal-utensil and cookware pages, this source supports a conditional migration pattern: acidic simulants increased aluminium release from aluminium cookware, salty conditions increased arsenic migration, and scratches increased releases. It is product-contact migration evidence, not direct food concentration evidence.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- utensils-metal
- cookware-metal-alloy
- cookware-nonstick-coated
- aluminum
- lead
- cadmium
- nickel
- arsenic-total
Verification notes
The extracted tables use mg/L migration-simulant units. Korean-language portions were not used to infer unexposed numbers beyond the visible table rows and English abstract.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| c1aef38 | 2026-06-02 | audit-queue: hamid2021-bacterial-plant-biostimulants-review → audited-promote |