Alina Florina Serb 1 , Marius Georgescu 2,3, * , Robert Onulov 4 , Cristina Ramona Novaconi 4 , Eugen Sisu 1 ,

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

formula rich in a very complex lipid matrix (up to 90%), such as Ricinus communis oil
range m/z 500–600, for “in use” lipsticks showed several types of TAGs, while “new” ones
et al. (64), studied a set of maltodextrins with a degree of polymerization in the range of 2
to 13 and concluded that MALDI-TOF MS is the most suitable technique for detecting high-
the mass range between 600 and 4500 Da, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC
in the mass range of m/z 100–1000 was applied to determine MP, EP, PP, and BP, butylated
concentrations in real commercial cosmetics from not detected to 977 mg/kg.
ative ionization. Hair samples (n = 10) were cut into pieces of 1–2 mm and placed in
value within 15% of the theoretical ratio (0.734) was confirmed as a true-positive result.
peak area ratios were created. The concentrations ranged from 50.0 to 10,000 ng/mL, 100.0
Base, Dimethyl Yellow, Sudan I, Sudan Orange G, Solvent Blue 35, Sudan II, Sudan Black,
Blue 26, Basic Red 2, Disperse Brown 1, Disperse Orange 3, Disperse Yellow 3, HC Blue No.
prepared with 100% methanol to a volume of 50 mL and subjected to ultrasonic extraction
mobile phase consisted of 5 mM/10 mM ammonium acetate in water containing 0.1%
53:1, Acid Yellow 36, Rhodamine B, Basic Violet 3, Disperse Yellow 3, Pigment Orange
solution (50% antonitrile: methanol) and the samples were coated using a commercial
sample was directly influenced by the color of the nail polish (Table 2). The CCR sample,
Table 2. Nail polish samples and the color for each. The third column refers to the aspect of
Table 3. Legally prohibited coloring agents detected in 26 cosmetic samples (93).
Table 3. Legally
considered to be more likely to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals (Table 4).
Table 4. Chemical characterization of 24 individual fragrance ingredients associated with allergic
other risky components in cosmetic analysis (Table A1). In addition to EI, other ioniza-
as the ion source by means of an fs laser, which emitted at 200 and 267 nm for the de-
termination of 26 allergenic compounds in perfumes. This ion source proved suitable
and the obtained limit of detection (LOD) values were all below 100 pg/µL. In fragrance
mass ranges) (190) selected ion monitoring (SIM)—in order to distinguish target fragrance,
and signal/noise ratio (107,189), and selected ion storage (SIS), with a reduced LOD, due
by GC, because of their decreased volatility and/or their thermostability (Table A1, (193,194)).
cosmetics, and personal care products in a very short time of 7 min (203) (Table A1). It is
(d) Solvent use is 95% lower than in existing HPLC methods.
in cosmetic products (Table 5) due to impurities in raw materials or the manufacturing
cosmetics have been established in Germany and USA (Table 6, (211,212)), but also in other
Table 5. Heavy metals contaminants in cosmetic products.
(Table 6). Despite abundant research on metal detection in cosmetic products (218–228),
Table 6. The permissible limits of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their adverse health effects.
1 Mercury (Hg) 0.1 ppm * 1 ppm (colorants) Renal, neurologic, and dermal toxicity (229),
2 Lead 2 ppm 20 ppm Affects the fetus and the central nervous system in
3 Cadmium (Cd) 0.1 ppm - Damage of the kidneys, fragility of the bones,
4 Arsenic (As) 0.5 ppm 3 ppm Skin eruptions, alopecia, and striation of the nails,
5 Nickel (Ni) 10 ppm - Contact allergy, eyelid dermatitis, as well as irritation,
7 Antimony (Sb) 0.5 ppm - Pneumoconiosis, alterations in pulmonary function,

Methods (brief)

tools, mass spectrometry (MS) has been largely used for compound detection, ingredient screening,
Onulov, R.; Novaconi, C.R.; Sisu, E.; and fragrances, while inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS is ideal for comprehensive analysis of
Academic Editors: Rosa Iacovino and Keywords: mass spectrometry (MS); cosmetic ingredients; LC-MS; GC-MS; fragrances; preservatives;
chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
crease sample throughput, making direct analysis techniques such as ambient MS exciting
The main keywords of the search were “mass spectrometry” and “preservatives” and
“cosmetic”, “mass spectrometry” and “colorants” and “cosmetic”, “mass spectrometry”
and “allergens” and “cosmetic”, “mass spectrometry” and “metals” and “cosmetic”, as
well as “mass spectrometry” and “cosmetic ingredients”.
elaborate preparation of the samples. For lipstick application, a soft polymer-coated bar
was coated with lipstick samples and then “stamped” onto specific stainless steel plates
(targets) of the MALDI mass spectrometer. The samples corresponding to the dermato-
acetonitrile: methanol) and the samples were covered using a commercial brush (47). All
samples were analyzed in the positive-ion mode. The assignment of chemical structures
new and “in use” samples. The difference between “in use” and expired samples of der-
could switch between positive- and negative-ion modes within the same HPLC run, and at
(HPLC) used to determine
coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS and UHPLC-MS), as well as gas chromatogra-

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised