Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- increasingly used in recreational facilities and residential gar- been suggested that artificial turf is responsible for 12% to 50%
- than 1 mm in diameter, and a study found that 50% of artificial solution for their needs.14
- ficial sweat, saliva, and gastric or intestinal juice, which are analysis performed, as shown in Supplementary Table 1. To
- ment. Over 10% of initial search results were used in screen by respiratory irritant,6 and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an
- Table 1. Risk of bias assessment.
- Table 1. (Continued) 6
- 6PPD, was reported as whilst it had not been included in pre- rated as ‘satisfactory’; if they met less than 50% of the ques-
- mative limit of 20 mg/kg for eight PAHs)30 was chosen as an included in this systematic review.
- in this paper (stating an individual limit of 1000 mg/kg for
- met or unmet were described in Table 1. RZ and SR-N rigor- sources. It was decided, however, that the absence of such a state-
- ously processed and assessed study quality, based on the study ment was not an admission of any conflict of interest (Table 1).
- characteristics described in Supplementary Table 1, and conse-
- 100% of the risk of bias questions, they were rated as ‘good’; if Table 2 shows the median and maximum reported total con-
- they ‘met’ between 50% and 100% of the questions, they were centrations of the eight PAHs per study from the analysis of
- Table 2. Total concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reported in the included studies.
- et al74 (MEAN)
- res.47-49,52,53,56,66,69,74,75 Xie et al66 reported the highest median
- centration of 496.25 mg/kg, both from crumb rubber samples.
- Table 3 shows the median and maximum reported total con- sum of HQs calculated for a mixture of chemicals. For both
- als,47-51,53,54,57,59,60,63,64,66,67,69,71,73,74,76 in terms of median con- carcinogenic health effects to occur.
- Table 4 shows the median and maximum reported total con- median PAH concentrations exceeded the ECHA limit,
- crumb rubber, measuring 9470 mg/kg.75 was likely due to the high sorption of PAHs to polyethene,
- Table 5 shows the bioaccessibility results from the eight included the limit of detection (LOD) in their crumb rubber sample.
- Table 3. Total concentrations of heavy metals reported in the included studies. 10
- Table 3. (Continued)
- Kim et al64 (MEAN) Crumb rubber / 9.86 / 2.88 0.0002 2114.00
- Table 4. Total concentration of rubber additives reported in the included studies.
- Table 5. Results of bioaccessibility assays reported in the included studies.
- Pavilonis •• Six out of the eight •• Arsenic was not detected above LOQs in any •• 4-tert-octylphenol was extracted in
- Zhang et al69 •• A 2.95% fraction of •• Arsenic was not detected above LOQs in any n/a
- Kim et al60 n/a •• Arsenic was not detected above LOQs in any n/a
- Kubota et al63 n/a •• Arsenic was not detected above LOQs in any n/a
- Kim et al64 n/a •• Arsenic was not detected above LOQs in any n/a
- Table 5. (Continued)
- Median concentrations of cadmium and mercury exceed- reported studies was very high, zinc toxicity is rare,34 and zinc
- product of zinc oxide (ZnO),84 which is present in high con- ECHA phthalates (1000 mg/kg),44 the only reported exceed-
- provides evidence to explain why the median concentrations tion of 9900 mg/kg. However, the median value for DEHP
- of zinc exceeded the LND limit in all reported studies (where reported by Armada et al75 was 28 mg/kg, suggesting that the
- a maximum lead concentration of 4400 mg/kg in a turf fibre carcinogenic PAH, which was bioaccessible in gastric fluid.69
- sample (LND limit = 100 mg/kg); Negev et al,59 who reported For heavy metals, no bioaccessibility data were reported for
- a maximum arsenic concentration of 480 mg/kg (LND mercury and zinc, but all other reported heavy metals, except
- limit = 20 mg/kg), and a maximum mercury concentration of arsenic, were bioaccessible. For rubber additives, all reported
Methods (brief)
- matic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals and other rubber additives. Twenty-five studies performed total concentration analyses on samples of
- across both artificial turf infill and artificial turf fibre samples; bioaccessibility of these chemicals varied. Definitive conclusions were unable to
- turf fibres sampled were less than 5 mm in size, classifying both Indeed, artificial turf has been shown to have environmental
- Artificial turf samples contain a diverse range of chemicals, Methodology
- Eligible studies sampled crumb rubber infill or artificial turf the initial screening of records, with the second author, RZ,
- artificial turf sample and the concentration of that COC in the and TM. We extracted data on the study identifiers (author
- decomposition of sample) (eg, player-worn direct vs characterisation of to scenarios outside
- from sample? at body height? experimental developed upon for
-
- Were samples ever in contact with 2. Was sampling performed protocol that future studies?
- gloves 3. Was a control sample mass
-
- Were samples stored away from collected off-pitch? spectrometry,
-
- Was the amount of sample coupled
- collected reported? plasma mass
- sites within each field? sample analysis?
- decomposition of sample) (eg, player-worn direct vs characterisation of to scenarios outside
- from sample? at body height? experimental developed upon for
-
- Were samples ever in contact with 2. Was sampling performed protocol that future studies?
- gloves 3. Was a control sample mass
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
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Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.