M Krause et al. 4-HBP exposure during 7:2 334–346

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

chemicals used as UV filters/absorbers is prevalent (1, 2, 3, UV filters are used as ‘UV-absorbers’ in a wide range of
and disturbance of hormones during pregnancy might reasons: medication for thyroid disease (n = 4), overtly
of BP-3 was associated with decrease in thyroid hormones sex information (n = 3) resulting in a total of 185 pregnant
Maternal blood (n=198)
Maternal urine (n=200)
Thyroid disease1 (n=6)
Missing all birth outcome data (n=6)
growth factors analyses Maternal serum (n=155) and in analyses on birth outcomes (study group
2). 1Includes medication for thyroid disease (n = 4)
Maternal serum (n=183) Maternal urine(n=157)
variation were <8% for all thyroid hormone assays.
detection were respectively <13% and below 80 μg/L for the osmolality of the urine samples were measured by
undetectable concentrations exceeded 33%, and for this endocrine factors, we repeated all analyses on birth
compound, all undetectable samples were categorized to outcome with exclusion of all IUGR pregnancies (n = 20,
groups (for boundaries of the categories, Table 2). The age as determined through ultrasound) to see whether it
All (n = 183) (100%) AC group 1 (n = 41) (22%) AC group 2 (n = 75) (41%) AC group 3 (n = 67) (37%) P valuea
Table 2 Distribution of second trimester maternal urinary (u) benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3)
Stratification into exposure tertiles is based on study population 1 (n = 183).
parameters studied, all subsequent analyses were done on were observed (Supplementary Table 1.2) but instead
exposure as a categorical variable are shown in Table 2. serum concentrations of 1 pmol/L (95% CI: −0.14 to
Median and range of the birth outcomes of the infants, (−1.88), P = 0.02). The associations between maternal
obtained from medical records, are shown in Table 3 serum 4-HBP and maternal growth factors were less
significant positive associations between maternal serum Table 3 Median and range for birth outcome variables in
Female infants (n = 72)
of 1 ng/mL in maternal 4-HBP serum concentrations was Male infants (n = 85)
and an increase in IGF-I of 19 μg/L (95% CI: 1.4–37,
4-HBP concentrations in maternal serum on IGFBP3 and Table 2).
IGF-I split by sex of the fetus (Table 4). It was estimated For female infants, there was no significant association
that in the boys, 35% of the association of serum 4-HBP to between maternal serum 4-HBP concentrations in
IGFBP3 serum concentrations (P = 0.05). outcomes (Supplementary Table 2), when adjusting for
Table 2). Adjustment for smoking did not change the circumference at birth with maternal urinary
Table 4 Mediation coefficient for the estimated effect of infant pair was included in the model or not.
Effect coefficient 95% CI effect P-Value exposure to UV filters of the benzophenone type and
mL) (n = 52)) and birth outcomes in male (n = 85)
Middel exposure groups High exposure groups and female infants (n = 72). Stratification into
indicate that, in relation to median fT4 concentrations, which concurrently decrease during pregnancy (38). In
exposed mothers might have on average 20% and ~22% IGF-I on the other hand stimulates placental nutrition
the fetal requirements (45). Even at term, 30% of the products as flavoring and perfume fixation. In addition, BP
Annex%20VI_v2.pdf) metabolites are associated with altered thyroid hormone balance in

Methods (brief)

Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
samples available. Maternal concentrations of the chemical UV filters benzophenone-1 ff growth factors
serum were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
amniotic fluid samples, BP-1 and BP-3 as well as 4-HBP Information on maternal prepregnancy BMI, sex of
in both background population and pregnant women (22, women. Due to missing serum samples from two of them,
was associated with sex-dependent impact on birthweight for thyroid hormones and growth factors collected at
gestational length in boys (24). In the present study, we of the women had an abortion after the samples were
examined the associations of 2nd trimester maternal collected and in 6 additional cases all birth outcome data
(BP-1, BP-3 in maternal urine and 4-HBP in maternal birth outcome analyses based on urine samples and 155
serum) to maternal serum concentrations of thyroid mother–child pairs based on serum samples (study group
consent prior to sample collection. The study was
fluid samples were collected simultaneously from each Maternal serum samples were stored at −20°C until
Study group 1: Study group 2: samples included in analyses on thyroid
the exception of two samples, which were analyzed for Chemical analysis of UV filters
Maternal urine and serum samples were analyzed for seven
chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)
above detection limits in more than 60% of samples are
shown that in paired urine and serum samples from this

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised