index.php/PST/indexing_abstracting

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• field trials have demonstrated that suitable biochar an alternative organic conditioner (11).
• va L.) straw constitutes the highest percentage (62%) of ing in mind the waste management concept. The materials
• Table 1. General information on biochar production.
• with mortar and pestle and then passed through 2 mm and Biochar yield (%) = ×100
• muffle furnace for 6 h (14). The percent ash (% Ash) was deionized H2O (w:v) and equilibration at 90 min on the
• % Ash = ×100 The EC of biochar was determined electrochemically with
• nace and then cooled in desiccators (14). The % volatile KCl (pH 7.0) followed by replacing the potassium in the
• vert the nutrients into water-soluble form (21). Then P in with several studies. Previous studies reported 13.91%
• the digest was determined by the colorimetric method ash, 76.32% VM and 9.08% fixed C for rice straw (22). For
• using absorption spectrophotometry and total SO4-S in the sawdust, it was indicated 11.95% ash, 75.16% VM and
• digest was determined by the Turbidimetric method using 6.87% fixed C in the previous studies (23) whereas, 14.56%
• absorption spectrophotometry. Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn were ash, 71.27% VM and 14.56% fixed C for water hyacinth (24).
• comparisons among data were analyzed through one-way content of the biomass material (24). Table 3 presents the
• Table 3. Bio-chemical composition of the biomass materials.
• WHB and RSWB) are presented in Table 2. Statistical analy-
• cantly (at p<0.05) in ash content, VM and fixed C (Table 2).
• amount (17.27±0.48%) of ash which was significantly
• est ash content was produced by SD (8.67±0.50%). RS had
• tent was produced by SDB (7.53±0.42%). SDB had the high-
• the highest VM content (77.21±0.91%) which was statisti-
• est VM content (27.81±0.62%) which was significantly
• amount of VM was produced by WHB (20.05±0.54%). Previ-
• was produced by WH (74.70±1.04 %).
• Table 2. Proximate analysis of biomasses and biochars. study (24). They stated that woody biomass-derived bio-
• (64.66±0.54%) of fixed C and it was significantly (p<0.001)
• WH 17.27±0.48a 74.70±1.04b 8.03±0.58c est amount (42.48±0.41%) of fixed C (Table 2). It was ob-
• served that 25.71% ash, 21.14% VM and 53.15% fixed C for
• Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3), Mean data in a column
• er ash (1.94%) content, much higher VM (72.00%) and low-
• followed by different letter(s) are statistically significant according to Tukey’s er fixed C (31.40%) (26). For WHB, scientists illustrated low-
• tests at P= 0.05, Here, RS=rice straw, SD=sawdust, WH=water hyacinth, RSW= er ash (14.45%) but similar VM (25.74%) and fixed C
• SDB=sawdust biochar, WHB=water hyacinth biochar, RSWB=co-biochar, (49.69%) % where the biochar was also produced at 400 ºC
• with pine cones and vegetable wastes at a 1:1 blend ratio,
• SD showed the highest amount (14.37±0.55%) of pyrolyzed at 500 ºC and observed slightly lower ash
• fixed C and it was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that (18.1%) and VM (10.3%) but higher fixed C (70.5%) content
• tively (Table 4). Therefore, the ash, VM and fixed C content ment.
• Table 4. Pearson correlation (r) matrix of biomass ash, biomass VM, biomass are presented in Table 6. According to the results, the bio-
• Biomass VM -0.823 (p<0.001) among the biochars (Table 6). Results revealed
• 0.968 -0.911 (Table 6). WHB showed significantly higher WHC than oth-
• spectively (Table 5) where the biomass materials were not ment for light-textured soil because of their high WHC.
• Table 5. Paired t-test and CI: Biomass, Biochar.
• Sample N Mean StDev 95% CI for mean difference t-Value P-Value

Methods (brief)

• Clarivate Analytics, NAAS, UGC Care, etc
• biomass originating from the agriculture sector. Besides, were collected from the locality. Rice straw and water hya-
• termined by suspending 100 g (Winitial) of dry sample in 1 L
• weight of the sample was determined as Wfinal (15). To de-
• Biomasses and biochars sample preparation and chara- Yield
• analysis. The biochar samples were homogenized, ground Weight of biochar
• biochar samples. The procedure to estimate each of these The surface area of the biochars was estimated according
• samples to 750 °C in an air atmosphere using the same with a pH meter using a modified dilution of 1:20 biochar:
• weight) samples to 950 °C for 10 min using the muffle fur- The CEC was determined by extracting the biochar with 1N
• Fixed C burning the dry (at 105 °C to constant weight) samples in a
• % Fixed carbon= The total nitrogen of the samples was determined by Micro
• -Kjeldahl’s method following H2SO4 acid digestion as sug-
• Weight 105 °C dried For the total nutrient analysis, the samples were subjected
• (Eqn. 3) to wet digestion with HN03-HC104 (2:1) acid mixture to con-
• determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)– All of the investigators represented their results in wt.%,
• Sample atile materials than non-woody biochars. Among the 4
• Sample N Mean StDev 95% CI for mean difference t-Value P-Value
• Sample N Mean StDev mean differ- t-Value

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Arsenic

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.