Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• 1 Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Kyonggi University,
• 2 Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science of Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea;
• 3 Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, College of Creative Engineering of Kyonggi University,
• Opportunities. Microorganisms 2022,
• microorganisms10030610
• Academic Editors: Giovanni Vallini pose a serious hazard to ecosystems and human health (1–3). Environmental HM pollution
• and Ni, which cause severe toxic effects in living organisms (4–8). Fe, Cu, Co, and Zn
• with regard to jurisdictional claims in concentrations (9). Over the last few decades, many conventional treatment methods have
• ultrafiltration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrowinning, and phytoremediation (10).
• The traditional methods used are described in Table 1.
• conditions of the Creative Commons environments (11). However, in such cases, the speed of pollutants released by bacteria is
• creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ in large-scale applications (12,13). As an alternative, numerous studies have confirmed that
• 4.0/). using enzymes and bio-surfactants produced from microbes is more advantageous than
• Microorganisms 2022, 10, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030610 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms
• Microorganisms 2022, 10, 610 2 of 16
• using microbes as a whole to boost remediation efficacy as biocatalysts (14,15). Enzymatic
• two soluble enzymes that have been extracted and purified from Pseudomonas putida MK1
• and Escherichia coli, respectively; these are capable of effectively reducing Cr6+ to Cr3+
• Table 1. Conventional methods for heavy metal removal.
• sizes in the range of 0.1–0.001 micron which permeates water and low
• and colloids that are larger in size of 5–20 nm. The removal of Cu (II),
• rejection of 95–100% or a copolymer of malic acid and acrylic acid
• attaining a removal efficiency of 98.8% by forming macromolecular

• Nanofiltration (NF) when they are within the molecular weight range from 300 to 500 Da

• with a pore diameter of 0.5–1 nm. A current commercial nanofiltration
• membrane NF270 is used for removing Cd (II), Mn (II), and Pb (II) with
• with applied pressure range of 0.1–3 bar.
• the balance band holes. Heavy toxic metal ions such as Hg2+ and Ag+ ,
• demonstrated that several bacteria can adapt to high levels of heavy metal pollution (16–18).
• however, excessive amounts of inorganic nutrients pose a risk to their metabolism (19–21).
• Microorganisms 2022, 10, 610 3 of 16
• Arthrobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Azotobacter sp., Rhodococcus sp., and methanogens (22).
• cially Gram-positive bacteria (23). Oves et al. investigated Bacillus thuringiensis OSM269
• that was tolerant to various concentrations (25–150 mg/L) of HMs, such as Cd, Cr, Cu,
• Pb, and Ni (24). Moreover, because of their diverse enzymatic systems, members of the
• of contaminated environments (25). In a previous study, two Pseudomonas strains were
• shown to be resistant to As and other HMs such as Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb (26).
• The biosorption of Al3+ and Cd2+ by an extra cellular polymeric substance (EPS) from
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus was determined in a previous study (27). In another study, one
• protect against six HMs, including Pb, Fe, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Co (28). Recently, an exopolysac-
• charide produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BGAN8 strain was discovered to have a
• high Cd-binding capacity and prevent cadmium-induced toxicity (29).

Methods (brief)

• Analytical method details were not mechanically resolved from extracted text.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Tin
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.