Potential of Sunflower to Extract Heavy Metals

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• International Journal of Geosciences, 2019, 10, 1115-1127
• ISSN Online: 2156-8367
• ISSN Print: 2156-8359
• Ravichandran, N. (2019) Potential of Sun-
• Received: November 17, 2019 water throughout the year which induces diseases like dysentery, cholera, he-
• Accepted: December 13, 2019 patitis, and heavy metal poisoning related diseases. There are various me-
• Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and study. An experiment was carried out to test the removal efficiency of BOD,
• http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ traction. Leachate diluted with 60% water was supplied such that the Hydrau-
• Open Access lic Retention Time (HRT) was more than 15 days (19 days achieved). The
• Waste Management (MSW) rules, 2016 and Central Pollution Control Board
• Arsenic (As) removal efficiency was 100% for plants with and without VAM.
• For mercury (Hg), it was more for plants without VAM (96.29%) than plants
• with VAM (77.78). Thus, it was concluded that VAM was ineffective. Cd and
• DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2019.1012063 Dec. 16, 2019 1115 International Journal of Geosciences
• About 900 - 1200 tons of solid waste is dumped every day at the Phursun-
• gi—Uruli Devachi area in Pune for past 20 years which has been causing health
• anemia, cancer, and coma (2). The primary purpose of this study was to test the
• tial of Pb, Cr, and Cd as it is a hyperaccumulator (3) and has potential use as
• bioenergy crop (4). Proper selection of tolerant cultivars of sunflowers along
• of soils contaminated with heavy metals (5). It was found that, due to greater
• was found to be more than Hg and Cr (6). Another study showed that the metal
• lowed by shoots (7). There are many factors affecting the extraction of heavy
• metals within plants (9). A VAM fungus enhances the nutrient and water uptake
• horizontal and vertical flow with or without recirculation in a 130 liter tank. The
• experiment showed removal efficiency greater than 50% for COD, greater than
• 60% for nitrogen and greater than 90% for phosphorous. Leachate was success-
• DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2019.1012063 1116 International Journal of Geosciences
• chate. The minimum Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) should be 7 days or 15
• days (11). However, there were certain drawbacks observed. The leachate was
• HRT was minimum of 15 days and it was not feasible to collect that water.
• Another drawback was that the leachate was diluted with a minimum 70% water
• dump yard during the summer and rainy season. An HRT of 19 days average
• was achieved by supplying leachate diluted with 60% water collected during the
• give accurate results. Also, only one trial with 60% diluted leachate was possible
• because of reasons like the life span of plants reduced to 1.5 months (usually 3 -
• 4 months), initial time was required for saturation and sunflowers were not sup-
• trial which was supposed to start after 19 days with less dilution was not contin-
• season, and it was stored in 3 containers of 35 liters each in which the sample
• the 3 containers and this might be the reason for some of the values of parame-
• 2.1. Experimental Setup
• DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2019.1012063 1117 International Journal of Geosciences
• reactors (2 plants each), R1 and R2 among which R2 was supplied with VAM.

Methods (brief)

• Cr concentrations in leachate samples were observed to be within the per-
• leachate sample from the outlet, it was required to be supplied just some time
• prior which did not represent the actual treated sample of leachate because the
• traction process. Composite leachate samples were collected from the garbage
• was achieved by supplying leachate diluted with 60% water collected during the
• ued due to the above-stated reasons. The sample was collected in the summer
• season, and it was stored in 3 containers of 35 liters each in which the sample
• was collected from different locations. When the leachate was supplied to the
• sample was tested. However, for the initial sample test, it was taken from one of
• ters after dilution being more than the inlet sample which was another drawback
• The reactors were supplied with the leachate collected in the summer season,
• for heavy metal concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).
• Initially, 4 liters of leachate with 60% dilution with water collected in the sum-
• the test run was started where the amount of leachate supplied and collected
• leachate and after collecting the same sample from the outlet of the reactors, re-
• the roots of the plants was collected to represent the soil samples for all cases.
• plants from the soil, the average concentration of heavy metals from soil sample
• Soil sample 1 0.33 21.5 1.21

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.