of food sources. However, especially in developed countries, hu- potential for toxic material components to migrate into food and

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

to food refer to 2 main factors: food safety and environmental sustainability of food production. For these reasons, new
of great interest as a possible solution due to their capability to satisfy 2 different requirements: (i) they are an important
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states longer shelf-life is made possible by the development of new pack-
which to obtain their energy and entire nutrient pool. Moreover, could lead to environmental pollution (Munro and others 2002;
globalization is leading to the spread of the Western dietary habits Cwiek-Ludwicka 2010; Wolfle and Pfaff 2010).
(Paoletti and Dreon 2005; Turner and others 2011). This trend can plant and animal origin. This is particularly true for food of animal
The world population is continuously increasing with a grow- others (Harris 1998). On the other hand, worldwide, thousands
netic selection, and, recently, by the development of genetically countries (Menzel and D’Aluisio 1998; DeFoliart 2002; Paoletti
modified organisms (GMOs). In most situations, increasing yields 2005).
Lengthening food shelf-life has also been a response to the cording to Premalatha and others (2011) it is a “supreme irony”
every year to save crops that contain no more than 14% of plant
up to 75% of high-quality animal protein.”
lattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Univ. 10, 35020 – Legnaro (PD), Italy. regulations on novel food (Regulation (EC) Nr 258/1997 of the
Columbus, Via G. Moscati 31, 00168 Rome, Italy. Author Paoletti is with Biology European Parliament and of the Council 1997). Moreover, West-
Dept., via Basssi 58 b, Padova Univ. 35100-Padova, Italy. Direct inquiries to author ern attitudes toward food are frequently characterized by the re-
reasons (Taylor 1975; DeFoliart 1999; Paoletti and Dreon 2005).
To better address this concept it might be useful to compare and of the Council 2002), whereas there are many uncertainties
taken alone, a nutritional assessment is an important but not a presented in Figure 1.
ing to its edibility, while its nutritional properties are completely 1979 (Gorham 1979). Since then many works have been pub-
stuff (Regulation (EC) Nr 178/2002 of the European Parliament vironmental aspects, but few have addressed safety concerns.
KBBE.2012.2.3-05: Insects as novel sources of proteins—SICA monies are only considered as supporting evidence.
Call: FP7-KBBE-2012-6 – single stage; Research project “Sus- Moreover, some interesting notes aimed at clarifying the “sig-
gen Univ.). at least one EU Member State (The deadline May 15, 1997 is
In this section we consider European Communitarian law be- of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. Paradoxically, food consumption
178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council 2002) tivities, and so on, might be a significant use in the sense of the
formed. In the context of Regulation (EC) 853/2004 concern- a significant use could be questionable.
of the current “Novel Food” Regulation (Regulation (EC) Nr 15, 1997, this does not demonstrate significant use.
coming regulation (COM (2007) 872 final), which is still under in recent times, then a history of food use relevant for the Novel
debate. Many parts of Regulation (EC) 258/1997 are not com- Food Regulation has not been established.
pletely clear. For example, according to Art 1(2), novel foods are Insects will probably hardly fit these criteria, to be considered as
“foods and food ingredients which have not hitherto been used for human novel food they need also to be enclosed in Article 1 categories. In
Moreover, novel food has to belong to one of the following Standards Agency 15-Nov-2011), insects are exempt from the
RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed 2012) database,
insects: E120 (CI 75470). It is a red coloring authorized as a food
market risk assessment is required according to Recommendation 31, 2015 as indicated in Reg. 257/2010.
97/618/CE as presented in Figure 3. Moreover, examination of the novel food application list on DG
surrounding both the meaning of the concept “consumption to a for Health and Consumers – accessed July 27, 2012) showed a re-
as food in some European countries. in draft form (COM (2007) 872 final), will probably place insect
Since the regulation is 15-y-old the “significant degree of con- foodstuffs into the category of “Traditional food from a third country
Guidance document (DG SANCO 2012) states that this should be food in question has been and continues to be part of the normal diet for at
nutritional value, metabolism or level of an extraction 2009/32/EC
Figure 2–Flow chart assessing if a food has to be considered as Novel according to Reg. EC 258/1997 (Regulation (EC) Nr 258/1997 of the European

Methods (brief)

collected in The Netherlands, where red meat consumption has fish consumption offers many health benefits, due in part to the
high total microbial charge (105 to 106 cfu/g) on samples originat- E. coli O157:H7 to the cattle digestive tract and to play a role
the tested samples (Giaccone 2005). and others (2012) recently evaluated the microbiological content
samples. Among these is Phaneropsolus bonnei (Lecithodendriid), 1st other studies have focused on this topic.
troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal. Am J Phys Anthropol 145(1):11–20. EFSA. 2012a. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for protein.
Pereira NR, Tarley CRT, Matsushita M, de Souza NE. 2000. Proximate Metcalfe DD, O’;Connor R, Muraro A, Rudman A, Schmitt C, Scherrer

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised