Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Replicate samples were taken from raw water sources, treatment ity was checked on a 1.5% agarose gel. An obtained DNA with
- TABLE 1 Identified heavy metal resistance genes and the HMM description in treatment plant A
- one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with three replicates (n = 3) merT Mercury Not provided
- sion 12 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, United States). Mean separation was copR Copper Not provided
- conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test at 95% significance level.
- have been identified. Table 1 provides a summary of the individual was done. The mean separation showed that there was a significant
- and arsenic genes, with arsenic accounting for about 72, 75, and 97% 3.2 Treatment plant B
- accounting for about 67% of the genes. Produced sludge contained only this plant. Table 2 provides a summary of the individual identified
- from drinking water treatment plant A in the Gauteng Province. (A) Relative abundance of log10-normalized genes count. (B) Mean separation of gene
- TABLE 2 Identified heavy metal resistance genes and the HMM description in treatment plant B arsenic resistance genes, with the disinfection stage showing the high-
- merD Mercury Mercury resistance co- and chromate). Table 3 provides a summary of the individual identified
- periplasmic binding protein about 65, 76, 65, and 88% of the genes, respectively. Disinfection stage
- chromate), with mercury accounting for about 77% of the genes
- raw water sources recording about 86% of mercury and final treated Nakazawa et al., 2021; Borrull et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2025). Generally,
- water recording about 52% of arsenic metal (Figure 2A). In Figure 2B, our results showed that the disinfection stage of all the treatment plants
- the mean separation indicated a significant difference (at p < 0.05) contributed to the abundance of different classes of HMRGs when com-
- from drinking water treatment plant B in the Limpopo Province. (A) Relative abundance of log10-normalized genes count. (B) Mean separation of gene
- TABLE 3 Identified heavy metal resistance genes and the HMM description in treatment plant C anthropogenic activities around the raw water sources used by the treat-
- from drinking water treatment plant C in the Mpumalanga Province. (A) Relative abundance of log10-normalized genes count. (B) Mean separation of
- at: https://www.dws.gov.za/Projects/National%20State%20of%20Water%20Report/ 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115721
- Documents/National%20State%20of%20Water%20Report%202022.pdf (Accessed
Methods (brief)
- and NiCoT (nickel) in bacteria and their involvement in the transport and November). To prevent external contamination of water samples
- of transition metals in water treatment processes (Janssen et al., 2010; collected from raw water sources, treatment stages (disinfection stage
- source possess serious challenges to treat plants. Studies have shown One hundred millilitres of raw water and 1 L of water samples
- using a shotgun metagenomic approach. The presence of heavy any detectable DNA originated solely from the collected water sam-
- HMRGs in the final treated water and produced sludge may have a ples. The filter papers with the collected microbial biomass were cut
- provide drinking water. The DWTPs’ names are coded as A (From DNA was extracted from three independent sample replicates,
- Mpumalanga Province) for confidentiality. The chosen study sites rep- extracts were combined to generate a representative composite sample
- many anthropogenic activities such as urbanisation, agriculture and and final sludge samples, additional clean-up steps (e.g., secondary
- Replicate samples were taken from raw water sources, treatment ity was checked on a 1.5% agarose gel. An obtained DNA with
- water samples from the raw water sources (from the river catchments high-quality DNA, as recommended in the Thermo Fisher NanoDrop
- The triplicate samples represent independent random sampling events. MGI DNBSEQ-G400 sequencing instrument was used by the ARC
- A total of 45 samples (5 sampling points × 3 Plants (A, B, and platform. The metagenomic shotgun data library was prepared using
- from all the sampling points. Samples were collected during the Spring China). The quality control of the library was done using a Qubit ®
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Arsenic
- Nickel
- Chromium
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.