Craig T. Martin, Department Head

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

3.4.7 Microcosms contaminated with nanoparticles and rare earth elements: Elodea
4.3.4 Analysis of TiO2 containing ibuprofen tablets … 162
6.28. Total measurement time: 64 s. Mean: 2,797 (red line), mean +s: 9,790
one dimension in the nanoscale range below 100 nm”), but also distinguishes nano-
that are composed of nanomaterials and processes.14 Table 1 and 2 detail everyday
and brookite; of which rutile is the most stable. Figure 1.3 displays the unit cell structures
personal care products due to its high refractive index (n = 2.7), its resistance to
As shown in Table 2 and Table 4, titanium dioxide is being utilized in a vast
practices. Table 5 lists foods where TiO2 is permitted as an additive, as outlined in the
However, Laborda et al.30 argue that not only are these assays unsuitable for
linear and reproducible calibrations using concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 µg/L
that fullerenes caused mortality at concentrations as low as 260 ppb and 50% mortality at
460 ppb. Nano-TiO2 was toxic at 2.0 mg L-1 and caused 50% mortality at 5.5 mg L-1.
defects. Significant immobilization and 13% immobilization were observed at the low
However, nano-TiO2 at 20 g L-1 induced 60% mortality in Daphnia magna. They also
range in size from 10 to 60 nm). Female rats, mice, and hamsters were exposed to aerosol
decreased slowly to approximately 46% of the initial burden, whereas low and mid-dose
with a mean diameter of 25 nm) and measured cellular responses to reactive oxygen
and are summarized in detail in Table 6. All the studies have demonstrated that TiO2
applied 2 mg/cm2 an array of 5% TiO2-containing formulations (hydrophobic basis gel,
GLR(LGHZLWKDPHDQGLDPHWHURIȝPLVZLGHO\XVHGDVDIRRGDGGLWLYHTable 5 lists
1571 Orchard Leaves. Their results, shown in Table 7, revealed that Ti was present in
gelatin with embedded TiO2 as well as NIST SRM Typical Diet, 1548a. It is notable that
researchers. Of the 25 food products analyzed for titanium, 13 contained no detectable
titanium (<2 ppb in the digested, diluted samples; in agreement with the absence of TiO2
on the food label). The 12 remaining food products all contained detectable titanium, 8 of
concentration RIȝJNJ-1 d-1). This related to a mean titanium concentration of 300
by detection by ICP-MS. Table 9 presents the titanium concentrations for the 20 foods
Al, and Ti in milk from humans (n = 30), cows (n = 24), goats (n = 24), mares (n = 16),
and sheep (n = 28) by emission spectral analysis. The highest titanium concentration was
animal. Table 11 presents the concentrations of each trace element analyzed in their
reported a titanium content range of 100-ȝJ/-1. Lembrych et al.120 conducted a study
for IAEA A-11 (milk reference material), their mean results for Cr and Ni were not. The
human blood serum (n = 20) followed similar trends: Zn > Fe > Ti > Se > Ni > Cr > Mo
humans (n = 84) by inductively coupled optical plasma spectroscopy (ICP-OES). He
Powder. Mean titanium concentrations of 11 ± 3, 12 ± 4, and 21 ± 7 µg L -1 were found in
was detected in UK liquid formulas. A mean concentration of 34 ± 12 µg L -1 was present
kept overnight, and digested under the conditions displayed in Table 1.
0.2 mL of 48% HF. kept overnight, and digested under the conditions displayed in
0.2 mL of 48% HF. kept overnight, digested for 2 h at 95 °C.*
for more than 70 elements covering the whole mass range from 7Li to 238U, accuracy >
70% for a maximum number of elements above LOD, and discrimination power similar

Methods (brief)

allowing me to accept the charge of analyzing the samples in your study. It was with
those samples. I hope to complete my portion of this study and tell the scientific
ourselves too seriously). Thank you for the advice on the human milk samples. It meant a
methods to help with studies for a variety of analytes and samples. A method was
optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) following microwave-assisted digestion. A
various compartments was quantified by ICP-MS and ICP-OES following microwave-
assisted digestion. An ICP mass spectrometry (MS) method has also been developed to
obtained from the ICP-MS instrument operated in a rapid response mode was also
1.5.2 Sample Pretreatment… 29
1.8 Single-particle ICP-MS of metallonanoparticles … 45
1.8.2 Single-particle ICP-MS studies of metallonanoparticles… 49
2.2.4 Samples … 102
2.2.5 Sample Preparation… 103
2.4.2 Optimization of microwave digestion procedures … 106
2.4.4.1 Sample homogeneity … 107
3.2.3 Sample Preparation… 124
3.2.4 Microwave digestion procedure … 125
3.4.7 Microcosms contaminated with nanoparticles and rare earth elements: Elodea

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised