Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02153, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Water Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433, United States
- Water Global Practice, World Bank, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- rural Bangladesh to (1) quantify domestic fecal contamination in settings with
- high on-site sanitation coverage; (2) determine how domestic animals affect
- fecal contamination; and (3) assess how each environmental pathway affects
- ponds (97%), and soil (95%). Soil had >120 000 mean MPN E. coli per gram.
- In compounds with vs without animals, E. coli was higher by 0.54 log10 in soil,
- complexity arises from a multitude of transmission pathways, a children contain FIB in low-income country settings5 and
- broad diversity of pathogens, the influence of environmental child diarrhea has been linked to food contamination.6 High
- human behavior. In the absence of effective sanitation and handwashing interventions reduce self-reported diarrhea.8 Flies
- ment, human fecal organisms can spread into fields and programs have successfully reduced diarrheal disease.11 FIB and
- ambient waters. These are subsequently transported by fomites pathogens have been detected in soil12 and geophagia has been
- well as ingested through mouth contact with contaminated dysfunction, and stunting in young children.13,14 However, it
- has been studied extensively, and water treatment has been Revised: June 23, 2017
- shown to improve microbiological water quality as measured by Accepted: July 7, 2017
- fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and reduce self-reported Published: July 7, 2017
- © 2017 American Chemical Society 8725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01710
- eliminating fly breeding sites. However, recent sanitation trials Programme (JMP) categories26 and observed whether the
- infections, and growth,15,16 while a trial in Mali demonstrated observed whether the sampled area was visibly wet and in the
- improved child growth but no diarrhea reduction.17 These trials sun or shade.
- nation in response to sanitation improvements.18 Possible foods given to young children, flies caught in the food
- defecation; Clasen et al. (2014) and Patil et al. (2014) reported outdoor play area. Samples were collected in sterile Whirlpak
- that <50% of households in intervention villages had a bags (Nasco Modesto, Salida, CA). To collect source water
- open defecation.15,16 pumping five times before collecting 250 mL of water. To
- diarrhea is residual contamination from animal feces. Sanitation storage container as if giving it to their children <5 years and
- programs focus on isolating human feces from the environ- pour 250 mL from the glass into a Whirlpak. Pond samples
- feces. Many households in low-income countries keep livestock collecting 250 mL of water from the area where the household
- in close proximity to living quarters.19 Microbial source tracking reported most commonly accessing the pond. To sample child
- contamination from animals is more prevalent than human of the youngest child <5 years, one at a time, into a Whirlpak
- contamination in the domestic environment, including source prefilled with 250 mL of distilled water. Each hand was
- and stored drinking water, hands, and soil.20−22 Courtyard soil, massaged from outside the bag for 15 s, followed by 15 s of
- household floors, and child hands have been shown to contain shaking, and the rinsewater was preserved in the Whirlpak.27
- animal fecal molecular markers.20,23 Presence of animal feces in To collect soil samples, the respondent was asked to identify
- the compound has been associated with visible dirtiness of the outdoor area where the youngest child <5 years had most
- caregivers’ and children’s hands and faces.24 There is also recently spent time. Field workers marked a 30 × 30 cm2 area
- associated with increased diarrhea.19 However, the contribution stencil into a Whirlpak using a sterile scoop to collect
- of animal feces to fecal contamination along different approximately 50 g of soil. To sample complementary food,
Methods (brief)
- others. We collected water, hand rinse, food, soil, and fly samples from 608
- households. We analyzed samples with IDEXX Quantitray for the most
- subsequent contamination of ambient and drinking waters, were collected, presence of a handwashing station with soap
- effect of sanitation improvements on child diarrhea, parasite (pond, ditch, etc.). When collecting soil samples, field staff
- infections, and growth,15,16 while a trial in Mali demonstrated observed whether the sampled area was visibly wet and in the
- also found no reduction in FIB measured in source and stored Sample Collection. Field workers collected samples from
- defecation; Clasen et al. (2014) and Patil et al. (2014) reported outdoor play area. Samples were collected in sterile Whirlpak
- functional or improved latrine, respectively, and Patil et al. (tubewell) samples, field staff removed fabric or other materials
- programs focus on isolating human feces from the environ- pour 250 mL from the glass into a Whirlpak. Pond samples
- ment, typically with no measures to reduce exposure to animal were collected by dipping a Whirlpak into the pond and
- in close proximity to living quarters.19 Microbial source tracking reported most commonly accessing the pond. To sample child
- animal fecal molecular markers.20,23 Presence of animal feces in To collect soil samples, the respondent was asked to identify
- of animal feces to fecal contamination along different approximately 50 g of soil. To sample complementary food,
- to collect pond, hand rinse, soil, and food samples.
- MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Processing. Samples were preserved on ice and
- randomized controlled trial in rural central Bangladesh Tubewell and stored water samples were analyzed without
- (WASH Benefits).25 We randomly enrolled households from dilution. Pond samples were diluted 1:100 and hand rinses 1:2
- containers from which the drinking water and food samples and soil aliquot was oven-dried overnight to determine the
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Mixed Meals / Prepared Foods
- Arsenic
- Aluminum
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.