Overview
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Key numbers
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- media. TK-NC and TV-NC exhibited the crystallite sizes in the range of 2.55–5.94 nm as
- adsorption capacities (14). In this regard, several biochar are used, as highlighted in S1 Table,
- range 4000–600 cm-1 by using Tensor-27 performed to determine the surface functional
- spectrometer (PerkinElmer AAnalyst 200). The percentage removal efficiency (RE%) and the
- The EDX analysis (Fig 2D) confirmed the presence of Ca, P and O with elemental weight %
- metric molar ratio (1.67) of hydroxyapatite (18). A trace amount of C (0.05%) occurs as impu-
- and 5D, which illustrates the percentage (%) weight of the major elemental components. In the
- former case (Fig 5C), O peak is highly conspicuous in the spectrum, with % weight of 60.17%.
- In addition to that, Al, Si, and K account for 15.16, 15.45, and 0.37%, respectively, with some
- amount of C (7.31%). The composition of KC is in accordance with the elemental composition
- uted to oxygen-containing surface functional groups, accounting %weight of 24.4%. Very
- small quantity of Cl (0.37%) is also present in the biochar owing to the treatment of spent tea
- In addition to those multiple peaks presenting in range of 1000–600 cm-1 in both nanocompo-
- are detected as given in S2 Table, suggesting the contribution of corresponding surface func-
- 40.01%, corresponding to oxygen containing surface functional groups. Carbon is the second
- most abundant constituent element, accounting for 14.40% by weight, indicating the success-
- (7.11%) validated the formation of HA with a Ca/P molar ratio quantified as 1.65, which is in
- ratio confirmed the formation of MnFe2O4, while the remaining elements of Al and Si in %
- sponding %weight of 39.97, 14.42, 3.94, 2.05, and 3.89%, respectively, are associated with TBC
- Ca/P and Mn: Fe in 1.64 and 1:2 ratios, respectively. A small quantity of S (1.39%) was also
- optimal adsorption capacity, from 90 minutes to as long as 72h (S1 Table).
- kinetic model; hence, the fitting and data are not presented in Fig 10 and Table 1. The suitability
- Table 1. Adsorption kinetics model fitting parameters.
- (Table 2). The values show that the adsorption of all metal ions on to TK-NC and TV-NC is
- Table 2. Thermodynamic parameters’ values for adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI) on TK-NC and TV-NC.
- with maximum removal capacity recorded as 29.32 mg g-1 (42). In the pH range of 3.0–4.0,
- with increment in pH, and the highest removal efficiencies were noticed in pH range of 5.0–
- removal of Cu(II) (~70%) using Fe3O4 incorporated hydroxyapatite modified β-cyclodextrin
- was 6.0 (55). The removal efficiency of >90% for Ni(II) using hydroxyapatite functionalized
- 0.1 to 0.5 g, a noticeable increase in the % RE from (66.37–87.60%), (72.38–92.08%), and
- (70.78–94.06%) for Cu(II), Cr(VI), and Ni(II), respectively, by TK-NC was observed. In the
- case of TV-NC, % RE for Cu(II), Cr(VI), and Ni(II) incremented from (69.12–85.37%),
- (76.74–88.73%), and (66.45–91.82%), respectively. The augmented % RE of metal ions is
- and estimated that the Cr(VI) uptake efficiency improved from 71.13–91.79% with an increase
- and Ni(II) in the range of 300–1000 mg L-1 while maintaining the rest of the adsorption
- that has a value in the range of 0 to 1. If the value of g is approaching 0, then it is reduced to
- isotherm model, which are in the range of 1–10. The 1/ nF values ranging between (0.215–
- Table 3. Adsorption isotherm model fitting parameters.
- already reported adsorbents (S1 Table), with an added advantage of consuming less time to
- S1 Table. Comparison of metal ions adsorption potential of various adsorbents with syn-
- S2 Table. FTIR analysis of TK-NC and TV-NC before and after metal adsorption.
Methods (brief)
- was collected from a local cafeteria located in Lahore, Pakistan. Spent tea waste underwent sev-
- of samples were investigated by using X-ray Diffractometer (Bruker, D2-Phaser). Zeta poten-
- orized with 0.1 g of sample used. The test was performed using the standard protocol described
- perature under constant stirring. The samples were shaken until discoloration was observed,
- After appearance of color in treated sample, the methylene blue solution was added to the reac-
- sample suspension was filtered using cannula filtration to separate out solid and liquid phases.
- The residual amount of metal in filtrate was analyzed with the help of Flame atomic absorption
- removal of Cu(II) (~70%) using Fe3O4 incorporated hydroxyapatite modified β-cyclodextrin
-
- Ansari A, Vahedi S, Tavakoli O, Khoobi M, Faramarzi MA. Novel Fe3O4/hydroxyapatite/β-cyclodextrin
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