The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the coffee products: a

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

elements (Co (447.106 µg/kg, 95% CI: 445.695–448.518 µg/kg) > Ni (324.175 µg/kg, 95% CI: 322.072–326.278 µg/kg) > Cu
(136.171 µg/kg, 95% CI: 134.840–137.503 µg/kg) > Cr (106.865 µg/kg, 95% CI: 105.309–108.421 µg/kg) > Pb (21.027 µg/kg,
95% CI: 20.824–21.231 µg/kg) > As (3.158 µg/kg, 95% CI: 3.097–3.219 µg/kg) > Cd (0.308 µg/kg; 95% CI: 0.284–0.332 µg/
chronic and acute effects on human health (Nędzarek et al. and recommended it as 0.007 mg/kg body weight (World
coffee products was as follows: Co (447.106 µg/kg,
95% CI: 445.695–448.518 µg/kg) > Ni (324.175 µg/
kg, 95% CI: 134.840–137.503 µg/kg) > Cr (106.865 µg/
kg, 95% CI: 105.309–108.421 µg/kg) > Pb (21.027 µg/
kg, 95% CI: 20.824–21.231 µg/kg) > As (3.158 µg/kg,
95% CI: 3.097–3.219 µg/kg) > Cd (0.308 µg/kg; 95% CI:
0.284–0.332 µg/kg). As it is obvious from this part of the
tion’s mean and standard deviation were converted to µg/kg. Petrović et al. (2020) also reported that the accumulation of
forms associated with size, charge, hydrophobicity, activ- lowing: Brazil (178.882 µg/kg) > Netherland (74.981 µg/
(Alkherraz et al. 2019; Pohl et al. 2014; Şemen et al. 2017). kg) > France (16.451 µg/kg) > Turkey (10.000 µg/
The concentration of PTEs in coffee is also related to its kg) > Ethiopia (6.000 µg/kg) > Italy (1.250 µg/kg) > Ger-
processing, especially the roasting of coffee beans and coffee many (0.259 µg/kg) > Indonesia (0.100 µg/kg) ~ Romania
beverages’ preparation method (Tiep 2014). When it comes (0.100 µg/kg) ~ Rwanda (0.100 µg/kg) ~ Slovenia (0.100 µg/
Table 1 Meta-analysis concentration of As in the coffee products (µg/kg)
Country ES Lower Upper Weight (%) Heterogeneity statistic Degrees of P value I2 (%)
kg) ~ Western Balkan (0.100 µg/kg) (Table 1). Since the and prostate, it is recognized by the International Agency
Concentration of Ni land (5881.104 µg/kg) > India (3665.463 µg/kg) > Italy
Ni is naturally present in the soil and widespread distribu- (2274.536 µg/kg) > Romania (1782.844 µg/kg) > Kenya
tion in the environment (Genchi et al. 2020). This metal (1630.881 µg/kg) > Brazil (1128.809 µg/kg) > Poland
has commercial and industrial applications, including (1046.963 µg/kg) > Lebanon (842.300 µg/kg) > Bosnia
metallurgy, electronics, batteries, jet turbines, and medi- (780.000 µg/kg) > Ethiopia (777.455 µg/kg) > Hondu-
cal tools (Şaylan et al. 2020). As an essential element for ras (580.784 µg/kg) > Pakistan (410.000 µg/kg) > Hawaii
all living things, Ni has several beneficial impacts on dif- (356.879 µg/kg) > Colombia (34.796 µg/kg) > Germany
ferent body organs’ functions and metabolism, up to the (5.047 µg/kg) > Western Balkan (4.471 µg/kg) > Slovenia
permitted level. In this regard, Ni influences the liver and (0.100 µg/kg) (Table 2).
the hematopoietic process (Gogoasa et al. 2013). How- zilian legislation authorizes an MPL of 5000 µg/kg for Ni
Table 2 Meta-analysis concentration of Ni in the coffee products (µg/kg)
Country ES Lower Upper Weight (%) Heterogeneity statistic Degrees of P value I2 (%)
Concentration of Cr (121.610 µg/kg) > Poland (60.000 µg/kg) > Bosnia
Both kinds of Cr (Cr3+ and Cr6+) could enter the air, water, (0.643 µg/kg) > Italy (0.134 µg/kg) > Austria (0.100 µg/
and soil through natural processes and industrial activities kg) ~ Greece (0.100 µg/kg) (Table 3).
(34,000.000 µg/kg) > France (20,000.000 µg/kg) > Egypt stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, peroxidation of macromol-
(610.321 µg/kg) > Indonesia (600.000 µg/kg) > Hondu- et al. 2016).
ras (290.000 µg/kg) > Ethiopia (246.854 µg/kg) > Hawaii The rank order of countries based on the concentration
(239.039 µg/kg) > Brazil (150.930 µg/kg) > Colombia of Cu in the coffee products was Germany (38,000.000 µg/
Table 3 Meta-analysis concentration of Cr in the coffee products (µg/kg)
Country ES Lower Upper Weight (%) Heterogeneity statistic Degrees of P value I2 (%)
kg) ~ Netherland (19,000.000 µg/kg) > Honduras climate conditions, and differences in coffee bean varieties

Methods (brief)

techniques and mass spectrometry)
Heba Bedair, Soumya Ghosh … Samar Sami AlKafaas
the country, sample size, the mean and standard deviation
of samples when the I2 index is higher than 50% and het- absorb them from water and soil selectively during growth
concentration of essential elements in the soil than toxic ele- the solid sample is different based on coffee type, prepara-
lung embolism, respiratory malfunction, asthma, chronic samples of all countries do not surpass this maximum level
bronchitis, and allergic reactions (Nędzarek et al. 2013). except for the coffee samples of Turkey, France, and the
observed that Cu concentrations in the coffee samples grown erland (314.897 µg/kg) > Germany (308.238 µg/kg) > Hawaii
tration in coffee samples of all countries is above this limit kg) ~ France (0.100 µg/kg) ~ Greece (0.100 µg/kg) ~ Jamaica
lower amounts are determined in coffee surrogates without the coffee samples via the mill overheating. Additionally,
et al. (2017) concluded that studied PTEs are leached to the Further, differences in sampling, sample preparation, and
also observed that the concentration of Fe and Cr is high- in coffee products, including atomic absorption spectrom-
est in steel grinders because of releasing these metals into etry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma-mass References
spectroscopy (ICP-MS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry
(AFS), and electrodes. Among these methods, ICP-OES and Achmad RT, Auerkari EI (2017) Effects of chromium on human
ICP-MS are the most remarkably applied because of their body. Ann Res Rev Biol 13:1–8
(LODs), ease of setup, less time, and low cost (Albals et al. coffee beans: a comparative study among different origins using

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised