Seafood
Completeness scorecard
Deterministic gap audit — no score is composite, no cell is LLM-judged. Each chip is re-derivable by re-running tools/evidence/build-ingredient-scorecard.mjs. review: residuals and missing data are worked autonomously via data/evidence/ingredient-scorecard-review-flags.csv and wiki/completeness-gaps.md.
| Dimension | Status | What’s there (auditable counts) | What’s missing |
|---|---|---|---|
| D1 Analyte coverage (tier: common) | OK | 8/10 HMTc analytes, total n=186 | — |
| D2 Regional coverage | OK | 109 jurisdictions, top EU 21% | — |
| D3 Anthropogenic evidence | GAP | 10 drinking-water + 5 sediment + 1 soil + 1 atmospheric-deposition; no supply-chain link | link a supply-chain/ hub page |
| D4 Background mechanism | GAP | section present, 0 drivers, 16 upstream source(s) | drivers[] empty |
| D5 Pooling depth | POOLABLE | Pb CONFIDENT, Cd CONFIDENT, iAs CONFIDENT, tHg CONFIDENT, Ni POOLABLE, Al POOLABLE, Cr POOLABLE, Sn POOLABLE, tAs CONFIDENT | — |
| D6 Speciation | OK | iAs, tHg, tAs declared | — |
| D7 Basis declaration | GAP | 0/10 populated cells declare a basis token | 10 populated cell(s) lack a basis token: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs, U |
| D8 Provenance integrity | GAP | 8 claims checked, 8 supported; 1 citations, 0 orphan, 0 foreign | 1 contributing source(s) malformed (strict): open2017-open-infants-dietary-arsenic |
| D9 Mitigation | GAP | 0 cited lever(s), 4 mitigation/ link(s) | section present but no source-cited lever |
| D10 Regulatory coverage | OK | 3 rule link(s), 0 metal(s) covered | unmapped analytes: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs |
| D11 Standards-readiness | PARTIAL | priority: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs; pairing 0 paired, 9 single, 0 unpaired | basis: 10 populated cell(s) lack a basis token: Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Ni, Al, Cr, Sn, tAs, U |
| Principle balance | flag | consumer-protection 1.00, contamination-reduction 0.00, brand-value 0.00, legal-defensibility 0.50, scale 0.75 | spread 1.00 — starved: contamination-reduction |
This is a structural ingredient node created so product pages can link to a real wiki target. Occurrence values remain pending until a source is promoted for this ingredient.
Heavy metal contamination profile
Per-analyte snapshot derived from the machine-readable contamination_profile in the frontmatter above. data gap indicates the literature has been reviewed for this commodity-analyte combination and no usable occurrence data was found (a finding, not a placeholder). The Key sources column shows the top 2-3 contributing sources by year and sample size, with numbered wikilink aliases.
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | p95 (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | n=28 | 20–150 | 300 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| Cd | n=31 | 50–500 | 1500 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| iAs | n=18 | 5–50 | 100 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| tAs | n=35 | 500–5000 | 10000 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| tHg | n=44 | 50–300 | 700 | high | 1, 2, 3 |
| Ni | n=10 | 50–500 | — | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| Al | n=7 | 100–1000 | — | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| Cr | n=6 | 50–300 | — | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| Sn | n=7 | 100–500 | — | medium | 1, 2, 3 |
| U | data gap | — | — | — | — |
Routing
This node is linked from fish-containing-baby-foods.
Contamination Profile State
The machine-readable contamination profile is pending. Ingredient-level values belong here once parsed; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ANSES 2026. Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and lead, ANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010 | 2026 | Government report | FR Al, Ag, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in French TDS3 foods selected from 276 foods across 44 groups, with 718 samples collected in Loiret, Puy-de-Dome, and… (n=718) |
| 2 | Balzani et al. 2026. Metals and Metalloids Accumulation and Biomagnification in Three Commercially Important Fishes from a Turkish Brackish Lake, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tAs, Pb, Cr, and Ni in dorsal muscle of three commercially fished species from Dalyan Lake, Türkiye (n=27); Cr the only metal showing biomagnification, As and Pb showing trophic dilution |
| 3 | Hernández-Montoya et al. 2026. Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods: Advances in Detection Technologies, Regulatory Challenges, Health Risks, and Implications for Sustainable Food Safety, Sustainability | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | codex/EU/US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni occurrence in Scoping review of 121 peer-reviewed studies (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar; published… |
| 4 | Jiang et al. 2026. Health risks of exposure to organotin compounds via seafood consumption after their legal ban, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Twenty-three Hong Kong marine species collected in 2023, including molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes; extracted PDF is a ScienceDirect… (n=23) |
| 5 | Rüstemli et al. 2026. Mineral and heavy metal content in canned tuna: Implications for veterinary public health and consumer safety, Veterinary Research Communications | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | TR Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, tAs, Sn, Ba, tHg, Pb occurrence in 105 canned tuna samples (35 water-packed, 35 oil-packed, 35 sauce-packed) from seven domestic Turkish brands, collected in Van… (n=105) |
| 6 | Akkaya et al. 2025. Determination of Heavy Metal Levels and Assessment of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Presence in Fishery Products and Mussels from the Marmara Region, Türkiye, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cu occurrence in Fishery products and mussels collected from provinces in the Marmara region of Türkiye between March 2020 and November… (n=625) |
| 7 | Dietz et al. 2025. Stable isotopes unveil ocean transport of legacy mercury into Arctic food webs, Nature Communications | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | GL tHg, MeHg occurrence in Arctic char, shorthorn sculpin, ringed seal, glaucous gull, polar bear, and peat samples across Greenland (Central West, Northwest,… |
| 8 | Dinesh et al. 2025. Comparative evaluation of heavy metal concentration in three commercially important fish: insights from organ-specific and interspecies variability, Frontiers in Marine Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IN Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Al occurrence in three commercially important fish species assessed by tissue and organ |
| 9 | Garofalo et al. 2025. Monitoring of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels in Seafood Products: A Ten-Year Analysis, Foods 14(3):451 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg occurrence in 5,854 seafood samples (9,809 analyses: 4,300 THg + 3,338 Cd + 2,171 Pb) collected and analyzed by Istituto… (n=5854) |
| 10 | MacDonald et al. 2025. Occurrence of chemical contaminants in wild-caught fishery products of relevance to Scottish and wider UK Fishing Waters: A Review, Fera Science Ltd report to Food Standards Scotland (Report FR/002826) | 2025 | Agency report | GB/EU tHg, MeHg, Cd, Pb, tAs, iAs, Ni, Cr occurrence in Narrative + tabular review of chemical contaminants in wild-caught and smoked fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and cephalopods from Scottish… (n=192) |
| 11 | Masri et al. 2025. Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65, Nutrients | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tAs, MeHg occurrence in Cross-sectional online dietary survey (Qualtrics) administered between 1 March and 15 June 2023 to Southern California residents (adults… (n=186) |
| 12 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | EU/US/RO Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Sn occurrence in Narrative review; no primary sample collection. Synthesizes published literature and regulatory data across multiple countries. |
| 13 | Nour et al. 2025. Nutritional and heavy metal composition of seaweeds from the coast of Djibouti, Food Science and Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb in six seaweed species from the Djiboutian coastline; As notably elevated in Turbinaria decurrens (70.2 µg/g DW), one of the first datasets for edible marine algae from the Horn of Africa |
| 14 | Olgunoglu et al. 2025. Seasonal Variability and Sex-Specific Accumulation of Trace Metals in Black Scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758) from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea), Türkiye: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment, Life | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | TR Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn occurrence in Black scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus) collected seasonally from Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, Türkiye, 2023–2024; 28 males and 24 females (n=52) |
| 15 | Scovronick et al. 2025. Assessment of human exposure to uncommon industrial toxicants in Glynn County, Georgia, Environmental Pollution | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Biomonitoring of Pb, Cd, and tHg in 96 adults near Superfund sites in coastal Georgia; seafood consumption a significant predictor of PCB exposure, blood Hg comparable to US general population |
| 16 | Singhato et al. 2025. Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metal Exposure in Selected Seafood Species from Thailand, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | TH tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 20 commonly consumed seafood species from Thailand (4 shrimp/prawn, 4 crab, 3 squid, 8 shellfish, 2 marine fish),… (n=60) |
| 17 | Ventura et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study Approach, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Portuguese TDS — tAs, Cd, Pb, and Sn in 163 pooled samples across 17 food groups including fish and seafood; all levels below applicable legal limits for the Portuguese population |
| 18 | Wu et al. 2025. Climate change amplifies neurotoxic methylmercury threat to Asian fish consumers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | CN MeHg, tHg occurrence in Freshwater wild and farmed fish, marine wild fish sampled across China (22.5–49.4° N, 85.2–134.6° E, 2005–2020, 164 sampling… (n=13000) |
| 19 | Aguilar-Miranda et al. 2024. Total mercury exposure through canned tuna in water sold in Quito, Ecuador, Scientific Reports | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EC/EU/US tHg occurrence in Sixty cans of tuna in water purchased from Quito supermarkets, March 2022-March 2023; three anonymized coded product groups… (n=60) |
| 20 | ATSDR 2024. Toxicological Profile for Mercury, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2024 | Government report | ATSDR comprehensive mercury toxicology profile — identifies methylmercury in fish and seafood as the dominant dietary exposure route and derives species-specific MRLs for elemental Hg, inorganic Hg, and MeHg |
| 21 | Bakhshalizadeh et al. 2024. Trace and heavy metal concentrations in pectoral fin of Acipenser stellatus (stellate sturgeon) from the Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, V occurrence in Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) pectoral fin tissue, Caspian Sea, Iran (n=40) |
| 22 | Berber et al. 2024. Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | TR Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Mn, Se, As, Hg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Pontastacus leptodactylus (narrow-clawed crayfish) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Çanakkale, Turkey; monthly sampling over 12 months; male and female… |
| 23 | BfR 2024. Methylmercury in fish and seafood – health risk assessment of new data from the BfR MEAL study, BfR Opinion 023/2024 | 2024 | Government report | DE/EU MeHg, tHg occurrence in German population across age groups (infants 0.5–<1 yr through elderly 65–<80 yr); consumption data from KiESEL (n=1,008 children… |
| 24 | Chamorro et al. 2024. Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus): health benefits, contaminants and risk-benefit analysis for human consumption, Food Reviews International | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU tHg, MeHg, Cd, Pb, As occurrence in Review of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) literature on contaminants and nutritional composition |
| 25 | Christian et al. 2024. An evaluation of fish and invertebrate mercury concentrations in the Caribbean Region, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg in >1,600 samples of 108 species from 11 Caribbean countries (2005–2023); 26% exceeded the 0.46 µg/g FDA/EPA guideline, with tHg positively correlated with trophic level and fish length |
| 26 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | CCCF17 session report — initiated new work on a Cd Code of Practice with an annex for fish and seafood, extending the cocoa CoP model to additional food matrices |
| 27 | Xinghui et al. 2024. Assessment of Dietary Arsenic Exposure Levels and the Associated Health Risks in Chongqing City, China, Chinese Journal of Public Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs occurrence in Chongqing city residents; food samples from 39 districts collected 2018-2023 covering 10 food categories; dietary consumption data from… (n=4900) |
| 28 | Han et al. 2024. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Nickel in Zhejiang Province, China, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Ni occurrence in Zhejiang Province residents, 11 cities, 2018–2019; n=19,000 in consumption survey (n=2628) |
| 29 | Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, and Sn in 100 canned fish (herring, mackerel, salmon, sardine, tuna) from Egypt; sardine and tuna showed highest EU limit exceedance rates, Hg hazard index >1 for all species |
| 30 | Li et al. 2024. Global fishing patterns amplify human exposures to methylmercury, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | global MeHg occurrence in Global fisheries modeling dataset: catch-weighted MeHg concentrations estimated for 1,774 marine species across global exclusive economic zones using… (n=1482) |
| 31 | Mancuso et al. 2024. Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU/global Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg occurrence in null |
| 32 | Raab et al. 2024. Arsenolipids in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: first report of arsenosugar phospholipid (AsSugPhytol), Metallomics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Freshwater-microalga arsenic speciation showing ~57% of total As bound as arsenolipids (first AsSugPhytol detection in any organism), extending the arsenobetaine/arsenosugar speciation context to algae-derived seafood ingredients |
| 33 | Rohonczy et al. 2024. Cadmium and mercury trophic transfer in the Arctic marine food web of Hudson Bay, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CA Cd, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Multiple Arctic marine species from Hudson Bay, Canada: blue mussel, common eider, sculpin, Arctic cod, ringed seal (n=781) |
| 34 | Sadee et al. 2024. Recent developments in speciation and determination of arsenic in marine organisms using different analytical techniques. A review, RSC Advances | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of published arsenic occurrence and speciation studies in marine organisms; no single primary cohort |
| 35 | Sim et al. 2024. Determination of inorganic arsenic in seaweed, grain, grass silage, and insect protein by HPLC-ICP-MS using a design of experiments optimization approach, Food Chemistry | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | EU iAs, tAs, As occurrence in Seaweed species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus spp., Saccharina latissima, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Porphyra spp.), rice, grass silage, and insect proteins;… |
| 36 | Torabi et al. 2024. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish Caught from the Northwest Persian Gulf, Biological Trace Element Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | IR Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd occurrence in Twenty fish from each of three marine species (Psettodes erumei, Sphyraena jello, and Sillago sihama) collected from six… (n=60) |
| 37 | Yamashita 2024. LAEP-OES validation for total mercury in tuna and fish from Japanese markets, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | LAEP-OES method validation for tHg in 102 fish specimens from Japanese markets including tuna; provides both method validation and real tHg occurrence concentrations from commercially available fish |
| 38 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | AU/BR/FR tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Global occurrence synthesis: Table 1 aggregates national mean occurrence data from Total Diet Studies across Australia, Brazil, France,… |
| 39 | Zhuzhassarova et al. 2024. Fish and Seafood Safety: Human Exposure to Toxic Metals from the Aquatic Environment and Fish in Central Asia, International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | KZ/KG/TJ tAs, tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Narrative review of As, Hg, Cd, Pb in water bodies, fish, and human biomonitoring across five Central Asian… |
| 40 | Abbas 2023. Heavy Metal Levels and Cancer Risk Assessments of the Commercial Denis, Sparus aurata Collected from Bardawil Lake and Private Fish Farm Waters as a Cultured Source, Egypt | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn occurrence in Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream); n=40 wild (Bardawil Lake, North Sinai) and n=40 farmed (Ezbet Elborg/Domeitta, Egypt) (n=80) |
| 41 | Abdel-Tawwab et al. 2023. Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplemented diets mitigate the effects of waterborne cadmium toxicity on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): growth performance, haemato-biochemical, stress biomarkers, and histopathological investigations | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Cd occurrence in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, 20–24 g) in 3×3 factorial design: three dietary yeast levels × three waterborne Cd… |
| 42 | Al-Sulaiti et al. 2023. Health risk assessment of methyl mercury from fish consumption in a sample of adult Qatari residents, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | QA tHg, MeHg occurrence in Adult Qatari residents aged 18+ (n=600 dietary survey respondents; 65 composite fish samples across 7 species) (n=65) |
| 43 | Bakhshalizadeh et al. 2023. Bioaccumulation of rare earth elements and trace elements in different tissues of the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) in the southern Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IR tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) from southern Caspian Sea, Bandar Anzali coast, Iran; average weight 385±156 g, length… (n=20) |
| 44 | Bauer et al. 2023. Assessment of Human Health Risk of Metal(Loid) Content in Brazilian Sardine Along the Southwestern Atlantic, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | BR tAs, tHg, Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn occurrence in Brazilian sardine Sardinella aurita muscle tissue from commercial landings in the northern CSSWA sector off Rio de Janeiro… (n=74) |
| 45 | Benjamin et al. 2023. Levels of Heavy Metals in Selected Canned Fish on Cape Coast Market, Central Region, Ghana, International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | GH Pb, Sn, tHg occurrence in 10 canned fish products from Cape Coast market, Ghana: 4 mackerel brands (African Queen, Geisha, Ena Pa, Milano),… (n=10) |
| 46 | Blanco et al. 2023. Mercury levels in fish in the Valencian Community: temporal evolution (2011-2017) and associated factors, Revista Española de Salud Pública | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU tHg, MeHg occurrence in Fish samples collected under the Valencian Community food health surveillance programme (Generalitat Valenciana); 560 THg measurements, 206 MeHg… (n=635) |
| 47 | Brodziak-Dopierala et al. 2023. Analysis of the Mercury Content in Fish for Human Consumption in Poland, Toxics | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU tHg occurrence in Sixty-eight fish purchased from hypermarkets, fish-only shops, and aquaculture breeding tanks across Poland in 2021-2022, representing 18 species… (n=68) |
| 48 | Cardoso et al. 2023. Seasonal characterization of mercury contamination along the Portuguese coast: human health and environmental risk assessment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PT/EU tHg occurrence in Seasonal sampling over 1 year at three Portuguese estuaries (Ria de Aveiro, Tagus, Ria Formosa); water, macroalgae, and… |
| 49 | Coe et al. 2023. Assessing the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Methylmercury Demethylation and Elimination in Humans and Gnotobiotic Mice, Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 97, pp. 2399-2418 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Human cohort and gnotobiotic mouse evidence that gut microbiome composition determines MeHg demethylation efficiency — explains inter-individual variability in body burden at equivalent seafood MeHg intake |
| 50 | Davydiuk et al. 2023. Effects of Dietary Intake of Arsenosugars and Other Organic Arsenic Species on Studies of Arsenic Methylation Efficiency in Humans, Environmental Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | global iAs, tAs occurrence in Critical review of published epidemiological and clinical studies using DMA in urine as arsenic methylation marker; no new… |
| 51 | Anda-Montanez et al. 2023. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Trace and Macro Elements in the Red Crab Pleuroncodes planipes in the Pacific Coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, Animals | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg occurrence in 279 whole adult red crabs (Pleuroncodes planipes, 32-40 mm body size) collected during three research cruises off the… (n=279) |
| 52 | Diogène et al. 2023. Risk Assessment Strategies for Contaminants in Seafood (RASCS), EFSA Supporting Publications 2023:EN-8419 | 2023 | Government report | EU tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Al occurrence in Strategy/programmatic report from a seven-institution EU consortium (IRTA Spain coordinator, CREDA Spain, IPMA Portugal, ISS Italy, Ghent University… |
| 53 | Egbe et al. 2023. Heavy metal exposure risk associated with ingestion of Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon kottae harvested from a lacustrine ecosystem, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CM Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Ni occurrence in 10 Oreochromis niloticus and 10 Coptodon kottae (endemic cichlid) sampled from Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon, with water and… (n=20) |
| 54 | Haseeb-ur-Rehman et al. 2023. Metal pollution and potential human health risk assessment in major seafood items (fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods), Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PK tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu occurrence in Export-quality seafood from Pakistani processing plants during 2016-2018: 50 samples each of giant tiger shrimp, blue crab, Indian… (n=400) |
| 55 | Hoy et al. 2023. Arsenic speciation in freshwater fish: challenges and research needs, Food Quality and Safety | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CA/CN/FR iAs, tAs occurrence in Peer-reviewed review of published arsenic-speciation literature for freshwater fish; primary data tables summarize studies from Canada, China, France,… |
| 56 | Hussein et al. 2023. Risk assessment of toxic residues among some freshwater and marine water fish species, Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al occurrence in Freshwater and marine water fish from El-Obour city fish market, Egypt; six species (three freshwater, three marine), 20… (n=120) |
| 57 | Job et al. 2023. Evaluation of water quality and bioaccumulation of metals in commercially important fishes: a human health concern, Environmental Geochemistry and Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn occurrence in Thirty fish samples covering five commercially important edible marine fish species from the Thondi coast/Palk Bay market area;… (n=30) |
| 58 | Kim et al. 2023. Risk Assessment and Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Fishery Products in Korea, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | KR Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Fishery products purchased from grocery stores and markets in Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Gangneung, Busan, and Gwangju from January… (n=1186) |
| 59 | Kosker et al. 2023. Metal levels of canned fish sold in Türkiye: health risk assessment, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | TR Pb, Cd, tAs, Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se occurrence in Canned fish products (28 tuna, 3 salmon, 1 mackerel, 1 anchovy) from 13 brands, Turkey 2021 (n=34) |
| 60 | Lehel et al. 2023. Metal Load of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tuna (Thunnus albacares) - Food Safety Aspects, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | HU/LK/EU tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) flesh; 40 fish purchased at a fishery market in Hungary but originating from Sri… (n=40) |
| 61 | Liu et al. 2023. Transformation of arsenic species from seafood consumption during in vitro digestion, Frontiers in Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN iAs, tAs occurrence in Laboratory study using crab, scallop, turbot, and flounder seafood samples subjected to in vitro digestion (BARGE UBM method) |
| 62 | Lozano-Bilbao et al. 2023. Risk Assessment and Characterization in Tuna Species of the Canary Islands According to Their Metal Content, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Zn occurrence in Seventy-five tuna specimens caught by the Canarian fishing fleet in 2021; 15 specimens each of five species (Acanthocybium… (n=75) |
| 63 | Molina et al. 2023. Effect of environmental variables on mercury accumulation in sediments of an anthropogenically impacted tropical estuary (Buenaventura Bay, Colombian Pacific), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CO tHg occurrence in Sediment samples from four areas of Buenaventura Bay, Colombia, collected in dry and rainy seasons of 2015; cores… |
| 64 | AEMA et al. 2023. Heavy metal contents in salted fish retailed in Egypt: Dietary intakes and health risk assessment | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 20 samples each of salted sardine, feseikh (salted mullet), sahlia (keeled mullet), and salted herrings from Zagazig markets,… (n=80) |
| 65 | Nepper-Davidsen et al. 2023. High spatial and temporal variation in biomass composition of the novel aquaculture target Ecklonia radiata, Journal of Applied Phycology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | NZ tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in 24 homogenised Ecklonia radiata samples (12 spatial sites across North Island NZ + 12 monthly temporal samples at… (n=24) |
| 66 | Shu et al. 2023. Characteristics, sources and health risks of organotin compounds in marine organisms from the seas adjacent to the eastern ports of China, Regional Studies in Marine Science | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Twenty species of edible marine organisms, including mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, collected from nine ports along the eastern… |
| 67 | Simionov et al. 2023. Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and microplastics accumulation in products from the Danube River Basin fish market, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | RO/GR/IT Al, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, tHg occurrence in Fish and seafood specimens purchased from retailers in Galati, Romania: 18 fish species and 5 seafood species, n=10… (n=230) |
| 68 | Sonke et al. 2023. Global change effects on biogeochemical mercury cycling, Ambio | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg, MeHg occurrence in Global synthesis — multiple study populations and monitoring networks |
| 69 | Tolkou et al. 2023. Detection of Arsenic, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Fish: Effects on the Sustainable and Healthy Development of Aquatic Life and Human Consumers, Sustainability | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | AR/BD/CN tAs, Cr, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Narrative literature review of >50 fish species across 13 countries on 4 continents (Asia, Europe, Africa, Latin America)… |
| 70 | Ulusoy 2023. Determination of toxic metals in canned tuna sold in developed and developing countries: Health risk assessment associated with human consumption, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | US/DE/FI Cd, Pb, tHg, tAs occurrence in Two hundred twenty-two canned tuna samples purchased from supermarkets in 36 countries during 2017-2019; samples covered 19 developed… (n=222) |
| 71 | USDA 2023. China Releases the Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (USDA FAS GAIN Report CH2023-0040, unofficial translation of GB 2762-2022), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Report Number CH2023-0040 | 2023 | Regulation | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, tAs, iAs, Sn, Ni, Cr occurrence in null |
| 72 | Wang et al. 2023. Climate-driven changes of global marine mercury cycles in 2100, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tHg, MeHg occurrence in Global coupled climate-biogeochemistry model projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios to 2100; no new observational data generated |
| 73 | Ashley-Martin et al. 2022. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US/global iAs, tAs occurrence in Systematic review of biomonitoring studies of speciated iAs in pregnancy; covers cohort studies from Bangladesh, Spain, China, Mexico,… |
| 74 | Cegolon et al. 2022. Concentration of mercury in human hair and associated factors in residents of the Gulf of Trieste (North-Eastern Italy), Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU tHg, MeHg occurrence in General population residents of Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) coastal region, Gulf of Trieste, Italy; convenience sample recruited at… (n=301) |
| 75 | Chávez-Capilla 2022. The Need to Unravel Arsenolipid Transformations in Humans, DNA and Cell Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | AU/NZ/FR tAs, iAs occurrence in Review article synthesizing arsenic speciation data across multiple studies |
| 76 | EC 2022. Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/617 of 12 April 2022 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of mercury in fish and salt, Official Journal of the European Union, OJ L 115, 13.4.2022, pp. 60–63 | 2022 | Regulation | EU tHg, MeHg occurrence in Regulatory instrument — establishes binding maximum levels (MLs) for total mercury in fishery products on the EU market |
| 77 | EFSA 2022. Safety of Lemna minor and Lemna gibba whole plant material as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, EFSA Journal | 2022 | Government report | EU tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Ten production batches (five Lemna minor, five Lemna gibba) from a commercial applicant, analyzed by ICP-MS per NEN… (n=10) |
| 78 | Fechner et al. 2022. Results of the BfR MEAL Study: In Germany, mercury is mostly contained in fish and seafood while cadmium, lead, and nickel are present in a broad spectrum of foods, Food Chemistry: X | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | DE/EU tHg, Cd, Pb, Ni occurrence in 869 pooled samples from 356 foods representing 90%+ of German food consumption; adults and adolescents N=13,926 (NVS II… (n=869) |
| 79 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | JECFA 91st meeting Cd dietary exposure assessment — identifies seafood (bivalve molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods) as a significant Cd exposure pathway alongside cereals and vegetables |
| 80 | Li et al. 2022. Internal Dynamics and Metabolism of Mercury in Biota: A Review of Insights from Mercury Stable Isotopes, Environmental Science & Technology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg, MeHg occurrence in Synthesis of mercury isotope fractionation data across multiple biota studies (review) |
| 81 | Lordan et al. 2022. Cadmium: A Focus on the Brown Crab (Cancer pagurus) Industry and Potential Human Health Risks, Toxics | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IE/EU/NO Cd occurrence in Narrative review of the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) industry and cadmium exposure; tabulates cadmium concentrations compiled from prior… |
| 82 | Motta et al. 2022. Mercury isotopic evidence for the importance of particles as a source of mercury to marine organisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | tHg, MeHg occurrence in Marine organisms (mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish and zooplankton) and water/particle samples from the North Pacific Ocean |
| 83 | Larsen et al. 2022. Status and Trend for Heavy Metals (Mercury, Cadmium and Lead) in Fish, Shellfish and Sediment, OSPAR Commission, Quality Status Report 2023 Common Indicator Assessment | 2022 | Government report | EU/BE/DK Pb, Cd, tHg, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, tAs, Co, Ag, Sn occurrence in Aggregated CEMP monitoring data from 603 to 647 biota monitoring sites and 393 to 401 sediment monitoring sites… |
| 84 | Suzuki et al. 2022. Presence of nano-sized mercury-containing particles in seafoods, and an estimate of dietary exposure, Environmental Pollution | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | JP tHg, MeHg occurrence in Ninety raw fish and shellfish samples purchased in Japan in 2019-2020 across eight groups: tuna and swordfish, salmon… (n=90) |
| 85 | Uc-Peraza et al. 2022. Organotin contamination in seafood from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: Is there a potential risk for the health of consumers?, Chemosphere | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | MX Sn occurrence in Seafood collected directly from local fishermen at five Yucatán Peninsula fishing sites in February-March 2018: 37 individual fish… (n=50) |
| 86 | Vainio et al. 2022. Trophic Dynamics of Mercury in the Baltic Archipelago Sea Food Web: The Impact of Ecological and Ecophysiological Traits, Environmental Science & Technology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | FI/SE/DK tHg occurrence in 30 species from the Baltic Archipelago Sea (southwestern Finland), sampled 2017–2019 (white-tailed eagle 2013–2019); birds (3 spp.), fish… (n=136) |
| 87 | Yap et al. 2022. Comparative Study of Potentially Toxic Nickel and Their Potential Human Health Risks in Seafood (Fish and Mollusks) from Peninsular Malaysia, Biology | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | MY Ni occurrence in Three primary datasets newly measured in this study plus one cited dataset. (1) 19 species of commercial marine… (n=88) |
| 88 | Zhao et al. 2022. Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in the Sixth Total Diet Study — China, 2016–2019, China CDC Weekly | 2022 | Government report | CN Pb, Cd occurrence in 288 composite samples from the 24 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) of the Sixth China Total Diet Study, covering… (n=288) |
| 89 | de et al. 2021. Data on metals, nonmetal, and metalloid in the samples of the canned tuna and canned sardines sold in Brazil, Data in Brief | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | BR Al, tAs, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Twenty-six product-code rows from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: 16 canned-tuna rows (four coded companies across… (n=26) |
| 90 | Farzan et al. 2021. Demographic Predictors of Urinary Arsenic in a Low-Income Predominantly Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Low-income predominantly Hispanic pregnant women in Los Angeles, California; MADRES cohort (n=241) |
| 91 | Lin et al. 2021. Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | TW tHg, MeHg occurrence in Taiwan total-diet-study seafood sample set purchased from fishing harbors, traditional markets, afternoon markets, supermarkets, and discount stores across… (n=140) |
| 92 | Liu et al. 2021. Discovery and Identification of Arsenolipids Using a Precursor-Finder Strategy and Data-Independent Mass Spectrometry, Environmental Science and Technology | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | CA tAs occurrence in Krill oil capsules, tuna fillets, hairtail fish heads, and kelp purchased from retail markets in Edmonton (Canada) and… (n=4) |
| 93 | Luvonga et al. 2021. Determination of total arsenic and hydrophilic arsenic species in seafood, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs occurrence in Seven homogenized seafood/seaweed study materials: spirulina powder, Atlantic kelp powder, geoduck clam, wild-caught brown shrimp, aquacultured white-leg shrimp,… (n=7) |
| 94 | Mehouel et al. 2021. Review of the toxic trace elements arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in seafood species from Algeria and contiguous waters in the Southwestern Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2021 | Peer reviewed review | DZ/TN/MA tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Narrative review of published As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and MeHg occurrence studies in fish, mollusks, and crustaceans from… |
| 95 | Melnyk et al. 2021. Risks from mercury in anadromous fish collected from Penobscot River, Maine, Science of the Total Environment | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in Composite samples of 6 anadromous fish species (alewife, American shad, blueback herring, rainbow smelt, striped bass, sea lamprey)… (n=75) |
| 96 | Novakov et al. 2021. Heavy metals and PAHs in mussels on the Serbian market and consumer exposure, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Serbia Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs occurrence in Eighty-four mussel-meat samples collected from supermarkets and fish markets in Serbia from January 2019 to March 2020: 42… (n=84) |
| 97 | Raju et al. 2021. Heavy Metal Determination of Bivalves in Cagayan Valley, Philippines, Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 9(10):256-258 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PH Pb, Cd occurrence in Two bivalve species from Cagayan Valley, Philippines: freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) and marine mussel (Mytilus edulis); collected with… |
| 98 | Sadighara et al. 2021. The organotin contaminants in food: Sources and methods for detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Food Chemistry: X | 2021 | Peer reviewed review | JP/IT/CL Sn occurrence in Systematic review and meta-analysis of published food-matrix organotin studies; 123 database records were screened, 9 studies were selected,… |
| 99 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | Canonical toxicology reference for 29 metals including As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni; identifies seafood and rice as primary dietary exposure matrices for multiple metals |
| 100 | Valencia et al. 2021. Heavy metal accumulation and risk assessment of lead and cadmium in cultured oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) of Cañacao Bay, Philippines, Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 5(2), 64-78 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PH Pb, Cd occurrence in Two hundred fourteen cultured slipper-cupped oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) of marketable shell length (45-55 mm) collected from three sampling… (n=214) |
| 101 | Barchiesi et al. 2020. Heavy Metals Contamination in Shellfish: Benefit-Risk Evaluation in Central Italy, Foods | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IT Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cd, Pb, and Hg analytical results for shellfish collected along the Italian coastline from January 2017 through December… (n=2207) |
| 102 | Chung et al. 2020. Occurrence of organotin compounds in seafood from Hong Kong market, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Three hundred forty-one seafood samples collected from wet markets and supermarkets in different regions of Hong Kong between… (n=341) |
| 103 | Di et al. 2020. Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure Assessment, Frontiers in Public Health 8:273 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU tAs, Cd, Cr, tHg, Ni, Pb, Zn occurrence in Meat, milk, and seafood from the Augusta-Melilli-Priolo industrial area in Southern Italy; seafood pooled across fish, mollusc, and… (n=Seafood from the Augusta Bay/Sicily study area plus terrestrial animal products from 26 farms: 5 bovine milk, 11 sheep/goat milk, 11 beef, and 3 pork samples.) |
| 104 | Djedjibegovic et al. 2020. Heavy metals in commercial fish and seafood products and risk assessment in adult population in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Scientific Reports | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | BA/ES/PT Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Commercial fish and seafood products purchased from retail in Bosnia and Herzegovina in June 2019, with country-of-origin labels… (n=37) |
| 105 | Gutierrez-Ravelo et al. 2020. Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, Pb) and Trace Element (B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) Levels in Sarpa Salpa from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean Region, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | ES Al, Cd, Pb, B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn occurrence in Thirty Sarpa salpa specimens from three Tenerife coastal zones, with ten fish from each metropolitan, south, and north… (n=30) |
| 106 | Maikanov et al. 2020. Quality and safety of fish products in the Shuchinsk-Burabay Resort Zone, Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76(10):585-588 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | KZ tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in Fish muscle samples from lakes in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, Kazakhstan. (n=44) |
| 107 | Naess et al. 2020. Mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in Norwegian seafood products and consumer exposure, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NO tHg, Pb, tAs, Cd occurrence in Market-representative commercially available seafood products collected in Norway in 2015, 2017, and 2018; each analytical sample was a… (n=84) |
| 108 | Ormaza-Gonzalez et al. 2020. Low mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations in tuna products from the eastern Pacific, Heliyon | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | EC/EU tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Ecuadorean cannery production batches sampled by the National Institute of Fisheries (INP, ISO/IEC 17025) 2009-2016: canned tuna (solid,… (n=2572) |
| 109 | Pawlaczyk et al. 2020. Risk of Mercury Ingestion from Canned Fish in Poland, Molecules | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | PL tHg, MeHg occurrence in Eighty-four canned fish products covering 25 brands from over 14 producers (19 brands of canned fish plus six… (n=84) |
| 110 | Romero-Estévez et al. 2020. An Overview of Cadmium, Chromium, and Lead Content in Bivalves Consumed by the Community of Santa Rosa Island (Ecuador) and Its Health Risk Assessment, Frontiers in Environmental Science 8:134 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | EC/EU Cd, Cr, Pb occurrence in Fifty composite bivalve soft-tissue samples (~10 individuals per composite) of Anadara tuberculosa and Anadara similis (locally ‘concha prieta’,… (n=50) |
| 111 | Humberto et al. 2020. Trace metals in two wild populations of the squalid callista clam (Megapitaria squalida) in the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, tAs, tHg occurrence in Wild Megapitaria squalida clams from Altata and Agiabampo Bays in the southeastern Gulf of California |
| 112 | Tamele et al. 2020. Lead, Mercury and Cadmium in Fish and Shellfish from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea (African Countries): Public Health Challenges, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering | 2020 | Peer reviewed review | EG/DJ/KE Pb, tHg, Cd occurrence in Narrative review of Pb, Hg, and Cd in fish and shellfish from African countries bordering the Indian Ocean… |
| 113 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 114 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 115 | Chen et al. 2019. Organotin contamination in commercial and wild oysters from China: Increasing occurrence of triphenyltin, Science of the Total Environment | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Commercial oysters from Shanghai seafood markets in November 2014 and wild oysters from fourteen coastal Chinese cities in… |
| 116 | Zealand 2019. 25th Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2019 | Government report | AU/NZ tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in Australian total-diet survey: 88 food types, 508 prepared-food composite samples from all Australian states and territories, sampled May… (n=508) |
| 117 | Matsumoto-Tanibuchi et al. 2019. Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in Seaweed and Seafood by LC-ICP-MS: Method Validation, Journal of AOAC International | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | JP tAs, iAs occurrence in Japanese local-market food samples: eight dried seaweed products, seven seafood muscle/edible-portion samples, and two seafood-derived sauces/products in Table… (n=17) |
| 118 | Rodriguez-Mendivil et al. 2019. Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals from Canned Tuna and Fish in Tijuana, Mexico, Health Scope | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | MX tHg, Pb, Cd, Cr occurrence in 48 samples of canned tuna (6 samples × 8 brands) and 20 samples of fresh fish (5 samples… (n=68) |
| 119 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 120 | Baki et al. 2018. Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Fe occurrence in Eight fish species and five crustacean species collected from different points of Saint Martin’s Island and its local… (n=13) |
| 121 | Martin et al. 2018. Seasonal levels of heavy metals in soft tissue and muscle of the pen shell Atrina maura from a farm in the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, tAs, Zn, tHg occurrence in Farmed pen shell from the southeastern Gulf of California, sampled seasonally from summer 2011 to summer 2012 |
| 122 | Harding et al. 2018. Bioaccumulation of methylmercury within the marine food web of the outer Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, PLoS ONE | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | CA/US MeHg, tHg occurrence in Marine food-web organisms from the outer Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine |
| 123 | Lehel et al. 2018. Heavy metals in seafood purchased from a fishery market in Hungary, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | HU/DK/IT tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Seafood purchased weekly for 20 weeks from a fishery product market in Hungary: shellfish n=42 from Denmark and… (n=114) |
| 124 | Lima et al. 2017. Cadmium, lead, tin, total mercury, and methylmercury in canned tuna commercialised in São Paulo, Brazil, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp 185–191 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | BR Cd, Pb, Sn, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Thirty canned-tuna samples from five commercial brands (the most-sold brands in the Campinas, São Paulo region), three batches… (n=30) |
| 125 | FDA 2017. Advice About Eating Fish — For Those Who Might Become or Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding and Children Ages 1 to 11 Years, U.S. FDA and U.S. EPA | 2017 | Government report | Joint FDA/EPA consumer guidance classifying fish by MeHg level into Best Choices, Good Choices, and Choices to Avoid — the operative US consumption advice for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children |
| 126 | Martin et al. 2017. Heavy-metal contents in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultivated on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico, Hidrobiologica | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | MX Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, tAs, Zn, tHg occurrence in Cultivated Pacific oysters from the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico |
| 127 | Hardisson et al. 2017. Aluminium Exposure Through the Diet, HSOA Journal of Food Science and Nutrition | 2017 | Review | ES/DE/AU Al occurrence in Compiled literature review of Al concentrations across food groups and drinks; intake estimated against Spanish population consumption data… |
| 128 | HELCOM et al. 2017. Metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) — HELCOM core indicator report, HELCOM Core Indicator Report (HOLAS II component), ISSN 2343-2543 | 2017 | Government report | EU/DE/DK Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Aggregated monitoring data from the HELCOM COMBINE database (held at ICES) for the assessment period 2011-2015, with all… |
| 129 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | JECFA 82nd meeting arsenic monograph — addresses the iAs/tAs distinction, noting that seafood-derived organoarsenic (arsenobetaine, arsenosugars) is not the toxic species and must not be conflated with iAs |
| 130 | Pazi et al. 2017. Potential risk assessment of metals in edible fish species for human consumption from the Eastern Aegean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | TR tHg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn occurrence in Four edible fish species collected by bottom trawling from Aliaga Bay and Izmir Bay on the Turkish Eastern… (n=320) |
| 131 | Song et al. 2017. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population, PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177978 | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in 228,687 food samples collected from supermarkets, local markets, and field harvest sites across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and… (n=228687) |
| 132 | Stahl et al. 2017. Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food - a health risk for consumers? Part I of III: exposure to aluminum, release of aluminum, tolerable weekly intake (TWI), toxicological effects of aluminum, study design, and methods, Environmental Sciences Europe | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | DE/EU Al occurrence in Hessian State Laboratory aluminum results for 1,825 foodstuff samples across 30 product groups, plus Part I study-design context… (n=1825) |
| 133 | Ho et al. 2016. Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Trends of Organotin Contaminations in the Marine Environment of Hong Kong, PLOS ONE | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Adult Reishia clavigera collected from 29 Hong Kong rocky-shore sites in 2010 and 10 selected sites in 2015;… (n=39) |
| 134 | Lee et al. 2016. Health risk assessment of the intake of butyltin and phenyltin compounds from fish and seafood in Taiwanese population, Chemosphere | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | TW Sn occurrence in Two hundred Taiwanese fishery products provided from 25 fishery markets in 2011: freshwater fish (n = 64), saltwater… (n=200) |
| 135 | Smolikova et al. 2016. Determination of heavy metals in fish products, MendelNet 2016: Proceedings of International PhD Students Conference, pp. 651-656 | 2016 | Conference proceedings | CZ/EU tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in 33 species of fish purchased in Brno City (Czech Republic) markets from 17 FAO localities, September 2015–June 2016;… (n=159) |
| 136 | Zhao et al. 2016. Seafood consumption among Chinese coastal residents and health risk assessment of heavy metals in seafood, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tHg, tAs occurrence in One hundred fifty-six market samples of 14 high-intake seafood types from six district regions of Xiamen, China; consumption… (n=156) |
| 137 | Bhoyroo et al. 2015. Detection of heavy metals bio-accumulation in scombrids for the determination of possible health hazard, African Journal of Food Science and Technology 6(4):098-107 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | MU Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, tHg, tAs occurrence in Muscle tissue from yellowfin tuna, dogtooth tuna, marlin, and dorado caught in the Mauritian EEZ and sold/consumed as… (n=Four commercially edible pelagic fish species sampled in summer and winter from the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mauritius; per-species replicate counts not extractable from the text layer.) |
| 138 | EFSA 2015. Statement on the benefits of fish/seafood consumption compared to the risks of methylmercury in fish/seafood, EFSA Journal 2015;13(1):3982, 36 pp. | 2015 | Government report | EU MeHg, tHg occurrence in Scenario-based risk-benefit assessment across 26 chronic dietary surveys from 17 EU Member States (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic,… |
| 139 | Lim et al. 2015. Korean research project on the integrated exposure assessment of hazardous substances for food safety, Environmental Health and Toxicology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Korean KRIEFS nationwide dietary exposure to Pb, Cd, and tHg (n=4,867); highest Hg found in fish (46.4 µg/kg median), with Korean fish intake driving higher blood Hg than EU reference populations |
| 140 | EFSA 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 | 2014 | Government report | EU iAs, tAs concentrations (n=103773) |
| 141 | Ho et al. 2014. Organotin contamination in seafood and its implication for human health risk in Hong Kong, Marine Pollution Bulletin | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | HK Sn occurrence in Five analytical replicates for each of 11 commonly available Hong Kong seafood species: three gastropods, two bivalves, and… (n=55) |
| 142 | Ralston et al. 2014. Selenium Health Benefit Values: Updated Criteria for Mercury Risk Assessments, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | Selenium health benefit value (HBVSe) methodology for concurrent MeHg and Se risk assessment in seafood — a positive HBVSe indicates net Se surplus protective against MeHg neurotoxicity |
| 143 | Centre for Food Safety 2013. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic Contaminants, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2013 | Government report | HK Al, Sb, Cd, Pb, MeHg, Ni, Sn occurrence in Hong Kong general adult population; 150 TDS food items purchased on 4 occasions (March 2010 to February 2011),… (n=1800) |
| 144 | Copat et al. 2013. Heavy metals concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern Mediterranean Sea: Consumption advisories, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | IT tAs, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, V, Zn occurrence in Five fish species from the Catania fish market, n=30 specimens per species, plus 30 aliquots from a homogenized… (n=180) |
| 145 | He et al. 2013. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from shanghainese over 40 years, China, BMC Public Health | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cd occurrence in Shanghai adults aged over 40, cross-sectional survey 2008, Baoshan District (n=207) |
| 146 | Programme 2013. Minamata Convention on Mercury — Text and Annexes (2024 Edition), United Nations Environment Programme, Secretariat of the Minamata Convention on Mercury | 2013 | Government report | International Minamata Convention on Mercury — treaty framework regulating anthropogenic Hg releases that affect MeHg bioaccumulation in marine food chains and therefore seafood contamination globally |
| 147 | Olmedo et al. 2013. Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment for the consumers, Environment International | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | ES/MA/MR tHg, MeHg, Cd, Pb, Sn, tAs occurrence in Fresh, canned, and frozen fish and shellfish products representing 43 frequently consumed species/products in Andalusia, Spain; samples collected… (n=485) |
| 148 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | HK iAs, tAs occurrence in Hong Kong adult population aged 20-84; composite samples from 150 TDS food items collected on four occasions March… (n=600) |
| 149 | EFSA 2012. Scientific Opinion on the Risk for Public Health Related to the Presence of Mercury and Methylmercury in Food, EFSA Journal 2012;10(12):2985 | 2012 | Government report | EFSA 2012 Hg/MeHg risk assessment — lowered MeHg TWI to 1.3 µg/kg bw/week anchored on Faroe and Seychelles cohort data; confirms high fish consumers substantially exceed TWI |
| 150 | EFSA 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 | 2012 | Government report | EU Cd occurrence in Cadmium occurrence results in food submitted to EFSA from 22 EU Member States, 3 European Economic Area or… (n=178541) |
| 151 | Farina et al. 2011. Mechanisms of Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity: Evidence from Experimental Studies, Life Sciences 89(15-16):555-563 | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Mechanistic review of MeHg neurotoxicity — blood-brain barrier crossing, glutathione thiol binding, oxidative stress, and calcium disruption; provides molecular basis for the developmental neurotoxicity endpoint |
| 152 | Zealand 2011. The 23rd Australian Total Diet Study, Food Standards Australia New Zealand | 2011 | Government report | AU/NZ Al, tAs, iAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, iHg, MeHg occurrence in Ninety-two Australian foods and beverages, including tap and bottled water, represented by 570 composite samples; each composite used… (n=570) |
| 153 | Cirillo et al. 2010. Survey of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in seafood purchased in Campania, Italy, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | IT Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs occurrence in Seafood marketed in Campania, Italy from January-May 2007: 162 fish and cephalopod specimens and 30 mussel pools/soft-tissue packs… (n=192) |
| 154 | Grandjean et al. 2010. Adverse Effects of Methylmercury: Environmental Health Research Implications, Environmental Health Perspectives | 2010 | Peer reviewed review | JP/IQ/US MeHg, tHg occurrence in Peer-reviewed review of methylmercury toxicity, historical poisoning incidents, fish and seafood exposure pathways, and regulatory response; no original… |
| 155 | Abdullah 2009. Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Fish Sauce, B.Sc. (Hons.) Chemistry final-year project, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia | 2009 | Thesis | MY Pb, Cd, Zn, Al occurrence in Three commercial fish-sauce samples coded sample A, sample B, and sample C. The abstract does not state brand… (n=3) |
| 156 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EFSA 2009 arsenic risk assessment — distinguishes iAs (carcinogenic) from seafood-origin organoarsenic (arsenobetaine, not of health concern); sets the regulatory and exposure context for seafood As |
| 157 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EFSA 2009 Cd risk assessment establishing EU TWI of 2.5 µg/kg bw/week; identifies bivalve molluscs, crustaceans, and cephalopods as high-Cd seafood subcategories contributing to population Cd exposure |
| 158 | Lorenzana et al. 2009. Arsenic in Seafood: Speciation Issues for Human Health Risk Assessment, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment | 2009 | Review | US/GLOBAL tAs, iAs occurrence in Scholarly review of worldwide literature and U.S. site-assessment data on total and inorganic arsenic in marine, estuarine, freshwater,… |
| 159 | Rodriguez et al. 2009. Arsenic speciation in fish sauce samples determined by HPLC coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Food Chemistry | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | AT/TH/VN tAs, iAs occurrence in Six commercial fish sauces — four brands from Thailand and two from Vietnam — purchased at local stores… (n=6) |
| 160 | Pereira et al. 2008. Mercury pollution in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): a review of the system assessment, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | PT tHg occurrence in Review of Ria de Aveiro mercury studies, including Table 3 biotic-compartment summaries for macroalgae, benthic fauna, and fish… |
| 161 | Zanon et al. 2008. Time trend of Butyl- and Phenyl-Tin contamination in organisms of the Lagoon of Venice (1999-2003), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU Sn occurrence in Pooled edible-organism samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes spp. collected from up to 20 stations in the Lagoon… |
| 162 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | ATSDR 2007 comprehensive arsenic toxicology profile — notes that seafood-derived organoarsenic (arsenobetaine) does not contribute to iAs exposure and must be excluded from dietary iAs calculations |
| 163 | Schoof et al. 2007. Variation of total and speciated arsenic in commonly consumed fish and seafood, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | US/ES/NO tAs, iAs occurrence in Compiled fish and seafood arsenic-speciation results from 20 studies, summarized into freshwater finfish, anadromous fish, marine fish, crustaceans,… (n=437) |
| 164 | Uneyama et al. 2007. Arsenic in various foods: Cumulative data, Food Additives & Contaminants | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | JP/US/GB tAs, iAs occurrence in Cumulative review of arsenic measurements in food from PubMed, Japanese local-authority research databases, and national food-safety surveillance reports;… |
| 165 | Fattorini et al. 2006. Characterization of arsenic content in marine organisms from temperate, tropical, and polar environments, Chemistry and Ecology | 2006 | Peer-reviewed | IT/CU tAs, iAs occurrence in Bivalve molluscs, crustaceans, and fish sampled from relatively unimpacted Mediterranean sites in Italy, Cienfuegos Bay in Cuba, and… (n=245) |
| 166 | Jianying et al. 2006. Trophic Magnification of Triphenyltin in a Marine Food Web of Bohai Bay, North China: Comparison to Tributyltin, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp 3142–3147 | 2006 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in Marine food web from Bohai Bay, North China, sampled May, June, and September 2002: phytoplankton/seston (n=3), zooplankton (n=3),… (n=48) |
| 167 | Harper et al. 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin Compounds, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2005 | Government report | ATSDR Sn toxicology profile — identifies organotins (tributyltin, triphenyltin) from coastal-water seafood as a distinct and far more toxic Sn exposure pathway than inorganic tin from tinplate cans |
| 168 | Park et al. 2005. Speciation of Six Arsenic Compounds in Korean Seafood Samples by HPLC-ICP-MS, Key Engineering Materials | 2005 | Peer-reviewed | KR iAs occurrence in Thirty-three Korean seafood samples of seaweed, shrimp, fish, and shellfish plus two certified reference materials, analyzed for six… (n=33) |
| 169 | Committee on Toxicity of 2004. Updated COT statement on a survey of mercury in fish and shellfish, Advice on fish consumption, Annex 3 | 2004 | Government report | GB tHg, MeHg occurrence in COT/SACN review of the 2002 FSA fish and shellfish mercury survey, 1998 MAFF marine fish/shellfish survey context, and… |
| 170 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 171 | EFSA 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission to assess the health risks to consumers associated with exposure to organotins in foodstuffs, EFSA Journal 2004;102:1-119 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK Sn occurrence in EU SCOOP Task 3.2.13 occurrence database for organotin compounds in fish and fishery products submitted by Belgium, Denmark,… (n=2110) |
| 172 | Fattorini et al. 2004. Chemical speciation of arsenic in different marine organisms: Importance in monitoring studies, Marine Environmental Research | 2004 | Peer-reviewed | CU tAs, iAs occurrence in Thirteen species rows of marine organisms collected from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, 15 days after a December 2001 arsenic… (n=13) |
| 173 | JECFA 2004. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Methylmercury), 61st Meeting of JECFA, WHO Technical Report Series 922 | 2004 | Government report | JECFA 61st meeting — established the international MeHg PTMI of 1.6 µg/kg bw/week anchored on Faroe and Seychelles cohort data; foundational reference for all regulatory MeHg limits in seafood |
| 174 | Shim et al. 2004. Mercury and Fatty Acids in Canned Tuna, Salmon, and Mackerel, Journal of Food Science | 2004 | Peer-reviewed | US tHg occurrence in 240 canned tuna samples (5 brands × 4 types × 3 lots × 2 composites), 16 canned salmon… (n=272) |
| 175 | Committee on Toxicity of 2003. Statement on arsenic in food: results of the 1999 Total Diet Study, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2003 | Government report | GB tAs, iAs occurrence in 1999 UK Total Diet Study arsenic analysis: 119 food categories collected from 24 towns and combined into 20… (n=480) |
| 176 | Dabeka et al. 2003. Survey of total mercury in total diet food composites and an estimation of the dietary intake of mercury by adults and children from two Canadian cities, 1998-2000, Food Additives & Contaminants | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | CA tHg occurrence in Total mercury in 259 total-diet food composites prepared from retail foods purchased in Whitehorse in January-February 1998 and… (n=259) |
| 177 | EPA 2001. Methylmercury (MeHg) — IRIS Chemical Assessment Summary, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2001 | Government report | EPA IRIS MeHg assessment establishing US oral RfD of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day for developmental neurotoxicity; the basis for FDA/EPA fish consumption advice for pregnant women and children |
| 178 | Amodio-Cocchieri et al. 2000. Alkyltins in farmed fish and shellfish, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | IT/NO Sn occurrence in Farmed fish and mussels bought from Naples-area retail stores between June 1997 and May 1998, with free-living fish… (n=170) |
| 179 | EPA 1999. Mercury Update: Impact on Fish Advisories, US EPA Fact Sheet EPA-823-F-99-016 | 1999 | Government report | US tHg, MeHg occurrence in 1,931 state-issued fish-consumption advisories in 40 states as of December 1998; cited fish-tissue mercury data drawn from EPA… (n=1931) |
| 180 | Munoz et al. 1999. Rapid and quantitative release, separation and determination of inorganic arsenic [As(III)+As(V)] in seafood products by microwave-assisted distillation and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry | 1999 | Peer-reviewed | ES iAs, tAs occurrence in Twenty-one natural seafood products purchased at local retail outlets: fresh anchovy, clam, cockle, mussel, sardine, small squid, squid;… (n=21) |
| 181 | Voegborlo et al. 1999. Mercury, cadmium and lead content of canned tuna fish, Food Chemistry | 1999 | Peer-reviewed | LY tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Fifty 5 kg cans of tuna fish from the Tuna Canning Factory in Misurata, Libya; tuna were caught… (n=50) |
| 182 | EPA 1997. Arsenic and Fish Consumption, US EPA Office of Water | 1997 | Government report | US iAs, tAs occurrence in Literature review of fish and shellfish arsenic data; exposure scenarios derived from USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intake… |
| 183 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | Codex General Standard — sets international MeHg, Pb, Cd, and iAs maximum levels applicable to fish, bivalve molluscs, cephalopods, and other seafood categories |
| 184 | Harada 1995. Minamata Disease: Methylmercury Poisoning in Japan Caused by Environmental Pollution, Critical Reviews in Toxicology | 1995 | Peer reviewed review | JP MeHg, tHg occurrence in Peer-reviewed review of Minamata disease, congenital Minamata disease, historical mercury contamination in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea,… |
| 185 | Chou et al. 1993. Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 results, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916 | 1993 | Gray literature | CA Cd, Pb, tHg, tAs, Cu, Ag occurrence in American lobster (Homarus americanus) captured 1980-1992 at eight sites in and around Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada —… |
| 186 | IARC 1990. Chromium, Nickel and Welding, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 49 | 1990 | Government report | INTL Cr, Cr-VI, Ni occurrence in International scientific working group; review of global occupational, environmental, dietary, and experimental data for Cr, Ni, and welding… |
| 187 | Kaise et al. 1988. Distribution of inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in marine organisms, Applied Organometallic Chemistry | 1988 | Peer-reviewed | Japan tAs, iAs occurrence in Sixty marine-organism specimens collected from the Miura Peninsula and Shimonoseki coasts in Japan, plus some market samples; fish… (n=60) |
| 188 | Norin et al. 1985. Concentration of inorganic and total arsenic in fish from industrially polluted water, Chemosphere | 1985 | Peer-reviewed | Sweden tAs, iAs occurrence in Fish captured from arsenic-polluted brackish water near Ronnskar/Skelleftebukten, unpolluted brackish reference water at Furuogrund, polluted freshwater Lake Bodatrask,… |
| 189 | Falconer et al. 1983. Arsenic levels in fish and shellfish from the North Sea, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | 1983 | Peer-reviewed | GB tAs occurrence in Commercially important fish and shellfish landed at selected Scottish fishing ports in the 1975-1976 survey, plus additional plaice… |
| 190 | Brooke et al. 1981. Determination of Total Inorganic Arsenic in Fish, Shellfish and Fish Products, Analyst | 1981 | Peer-reviewed | GB iAs, tAs occurrence in Fish and shellfish product sample rows in Table V: herring, canned crab, haddock, NBS dried tuna, two whelk… (n=9) |
| 191 | Nielsen et al. 1975. Heavy metal levels in New Zealand molluscs, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9(4), 467-481 | 1975 | Peer-reviewed | NZ Cd, Pb, tHg, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Two hundred and three numbered samples (Appendix sample numbers 1-203) drawn from 199 sampling sites distributed around the… (n=203) |
| 192 | Reinke et al. 1975. The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography, Environmental Letters | 1975 | Peer-reviewed | CA iAs, tAs occurrence in White muscle or organ tissue from halibut, shrimp, haddock, crab, mackerel, herring, lobster tail, and lobster hepatopancreas analyzed… (n=8) |
Why this commodity accumulates heavy metals
This is the aggregate node for seafood; see fish for fin-fish synthesis, freshwater-fish for freshwater species, shellfish and bivalve-molluscs for crustacean and bivalve detail, seaweed for marine plants, shark for high-trophic predator detail, and canned-tuna for canned tuna specifically. Across the seafood category, the dominant pathway varies by sub-commodity:
Methylmercury is the dominant concern in fin-fish and reflects aquatic-food-web biomagnification (see fish and mercury-methyl). Apex marine predators (shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, bigeye tuna) carry the highest MeHg loads.
Cadmium is the dominant concern in bivalve molluscs (oysters, mussels, clams, scallops). Bivalves filter large volumes of water and concentrate cadmium and other metals from the water column. bivalve-molluscs is the canonical page for this.
Inorganic arsenic is elevated in seaweed and kelp (see seaweed); marine algae bioaccumulate arsenic from seawater and partition some of it as inorganic species.
Total arsenic in fin-fish is dominated by arsenobetaine, a non-toxic organic form; total arsenic in shellfish carries a mix of arsenobetaine and arsenosugars. See arsenic-total for the speciation-rule discussion.
The category-wide HMTc panel concerns vary by sub-commodity. The Cat 6 Step 0 lock recognizes this by splitting seafood into rows: freshwater fish, marine non-predatory fish, marine predatory fish, shellfish, seaweed/kelp foods, and canned seafood (with tin flag).
Ranges by source, region, and variety
Variance within the seafood category is the largest of any food category because the metal-load drivers operate on completely different mechanisms across sub-commodities: trophic-level biomagnification (MeHg in fin-fish), water-column filtration (Cd in bivalves), bio-uptake from seawater (iAs in seaweed). Cross-sub-commodity comparison requires per-sub-commodity context.
See per-sub-commodity ingredient pages for specific range and variance synthesis.
Processing effects
Seafood processing (cleaning, filleting, freezing, canning, smoking, drying, fermentation) generally does not remove the source-seafood metal load. Methylmercury in fin-fish is bound to muscle protein and is not reduced by cooking, smoking, or canning. Cadmium in bivalves is bound in soft tissue and is not removed by depuration (the water-circulation cleaning step in commercial bivalve operations) at meaningful levels.
Canning concentrates per-mass metal through water loss and introduces standard tinplate-Sn-migration consideration for canned seafood (with-tin-flag designation per Cat 6 Step 0 lock).
Smoking can add trace metals from smoke-source contamination but the contribution is small relative to source-fish methylmercury or source-bivalve cadmium.
Ingredient-derivative risk
Seafood-derived derivatives concentrate metals: fish flour and fish protein concentrate carry source-fish metals at concentrated per-mass dry-basis levels; fish oil supplements partition methylmercury out but retain lipophilic contaminants (PCBs, dioxins); cod liver oil specifically carries elevated Cd and Pb relative to refined fish oil because liver is the Cd-storage organ.
Bivalve-derived products (oyster supplements, shellfish powders) carry the source bivalve Cd.
Seaweed-derived products (kelp tablets, dulse flakes, kelp granules as salt substitute) carry source-seaweed iAs at concentrated dry-mass levels and route to Cat 16 row 19 when sold as dietary supplements.
Mitigation options
Sourcing levers (supply-chain-screening) are the dominant intervention across seafood sub-commodities. For methylmercury in fin-fish: species selection (low-trophic short-lived species over apex predators) is the largest single intervention. For cadmium in bivalves: production-area selection (bivalve growing areas with documented low-Cd water-column data) reduces source-Cd. For iAs in seaweed: species selection (some seaweed species accumulate iAs less than others) and product-format selection (rinsed vs unrinsed seaweed has different iAs).
Consumption-pattern levers apply at the consumer level for fin-fish methylmercury (FDA/EPA tiered consumption advisory) and for bivalves (commercial-Cd-monitored bivalve sources only).
Processing levers (processing) are limited for the source-seafood metal load. Cooking and processing don’t reduce methylmercury, Cd, or iAs at meaningful levels.
Testing and QC levers (testing-and-qc) include lot-level methylmercury testing for fin-fish (especially predatory species) and lot-level Cd testing for bivalves. Seaweed should be speciation-tested for iAs/tAs split. See icp-ms and arsenic-speciation.
Packaging and storage levers (packaging-and-storage) include the Sn-migration consideration for canned seafood.
Agronomic and formulation levers are not consequential for wild-caught seafood; aquaculture seafood has feed-source levers that operate analogously to terrestrial-animal feed sourcing.
Regulatory limits that apply
- eu-2023-915 — EU Reg. 2023/915 sets species-specific Hg maximum levels for fishery products. Pb and Cd MLs for fish and bivalve molluscs are also set.
- Codex CXS 193-1995 — Codex Alimentarius General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins covers fish and shellfish.
- FDA action level of 1.0 ppm methylmercury in fish (fda-methylmercury-fish-1-ppm when added) is the US enforcement reference.
- FDA/EPA joint fish-consumption advisory categorizes fish into best-choice, good-choice, and avoid tiers for pregnant women and young children.
- California Prop 65 (california-prop65) Pb MADL and Hg MADL apply to seafood sold in California; serving-based screens govern.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| b0f3d38 | 2026-06-12 | batch | corpus rescreen b04 old terminal skips |