Seafood
This is a structural ingredient node created so product pages can link to a real wiki target. Occurrence values remain pending until a source is promoted for this ingredient.
Routing
This node is linked from fish-containing-baby-foods.
Contamination Profile State
The machine-readable contamination profile is pending. Ingredient-level values belong here once parsed; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Balzani et al. 2026. Metals and Metalloids Accumulation and Biomagnification in Three Commercially Important Fishes from a Turkish Brackish Lake, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | tAs, Pb, Cr, and Ni in dorsal muscle of three commercially fished species from Dalyan Lake, Türkiye (n=27); Cr the only metal showing biomagnification, As and Pb showing trophic dilution |
| 2 | Nour et al. 2025. Nutritional and heavy metal composition of seaweeds from the coast of Djibouti, Food Science and Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb in six seaweed species from the Djiboutian coastline; As notably elevated in Turbinaria decurrens (70.2 µg/g DW), one of the first datasets for edible marine algae from the Horn of Africa |
| 3 | Scovronick et al. 2025. Assessment of human exposure to uncommon industrial toxicants in Glynn County, Georgia, Environmental Pollution | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Biomonitoring of Pb, Cd, and tHg in 96 adults near Superfund sites in coastal Georgia; seafood consumption a significant predictor of PCB exposure, blood Hg comparable to US general population |
| 4 | Ventura et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study Approach, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Portuguese TDS — tAs, Cd, Pb, and Sn in 163 pooled samples across 17 food groups including fish and seafood; all levels below applicable legal limits for the Portuguese population |
| 5 | ATSDR 2024. Toxicological Profile for Mercury, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2024 | Government report | ATSDR comprehensive mercury toxicology profile — identifies methylmercury in fish and seafood as the dominant dietary exposure route and derives species-specific MRLs for elemental Hg, inorganic Hg, and MeHg |
| 6 | Christian et al. 2024. An evaluation of fish and invertebrate mercury concentrations in the Caribbean Region, Environmental Science and Pollution Research | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | tHg in >1,600 samples of 108 species from 11 Caribbean countries (2005–2023); 26% exceeded the 0.46 µg/g FDA/EPA guideline, with tHg positively correlated with trophic level and fish length |
| 7 | Codex 2024. Report of the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (REP24/CF17), Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission | 2024 | Government report | CCCF17 session report — initiated new work on a Cd Code of Practice with an annex for fish and seafood, extending the cocoa CoP model to additional food matrices |
| 8 | Hussein et al. 2024. Risk assessment of some toxic metals in canned fish products retailed in Mansoura, Egypt, Open Veterinary Journal | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Al, and Sn in 100 canned fish (herring, mackerel, salmon, sardine, tuna) from Egypt; sardine and tuna showed highest EU limit exceedance rates, Hg hazard index >1 for all species |
| 9 | Li et al. 2024. Global fishing patterns amplify human exposures to methylmercury, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 10 | Yamashita 2024. LAEP-OES validation for total mercury in tuna and fish from Japanese markets, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | LAEP-OES method validation for tHg in 102 fish specimens from Japanese markets including tuna; provides both method validation and real tHg occurrence concentrations from commercially available fish |
| 11 | Zhao et al. 2024. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | [awaiting synthesis] |
| 12 | Coe et al. 2023. Assessing the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Methylmercury Demethylation and Elimination in Humans and Gnotobiotic Mice, Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 97, pp. 2399-2418 | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Human cohort and gnotobiotic mouse evidence that gut microbiome composition determines MeHg demethylation efficiency — explains inter-individual variability in body burden at equivalent seafood MeHg intake |
| 13 | JECFA 2022. Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) | 2022 | Government report | JECFA 91st meeting Cd dietary exposure assessment — identifies seafood (bivalve molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods) as a significant Cd exposure pathway alongside cereals and vegetables |
| 14 | Ufelle et al. 2021. Toxic Effects of Metals (Chapter 23), in Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition, Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Education | 2021 | Textbook chapter | Canonical toxicology reference for 29 metals including As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni; identifies seafood and rice as primary dietary exposure matrices for multiple metals |
| 15 | FDA 2017. Advice About Eating Fish — For Those Who Might Become or Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding and Children Ages 1 to 11 Years, U.S. FDA and U.S. EPA | 2017 | Government report | Joint FDA/EPA consumer guidance classifying fish by MeHg level into Best Choices, Good Choices, and Choices to Avoid — the operative US consumption advice for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children |
| 16 | JECFA 2017. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives (Arsenic), 82nd Meeting of JECFA, WHO Food Additives Series 73 | 2017 | Government report | JECFA 82nd meeting arsenic monograph — addresses the iAs/tAs distinction, noting that seafood-derived organoarsenic (arsenobetaine, arsenosugars) is not the toxic species and must not be conflated with iAs |
| 17 | Lim et al. 2015. Korean research project on the integrated exposure assessment of hazardous substances for food safety, Environmental Health and Toxicology | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | Korean KRIEFS nationwide dietary exposure to Pb, Cd, and tHg (n=4,867); highest Hg found in fish (46.4 µg/kg median), with Korean fish intake driving higher blood Hg than EU reference populations |
| 18 | Ralston et al. 2014. Selenium Health Benefit Values: Updated Criteria for Mercury Risk Assessments, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | Selenium health benefit value (HBVSe) methodology for concurrent MeHg and Se risk assessment in seafood — a positive HBVSe indicates net Se surplus protective against MeHg neurotoxicity |
| 19 | Programme 2013. Minamata Convention on Mercury — Text and Annexes (2024 Edition), United Nations Environment Programme, Secretariat of the Minamata Convention on Mercury | 2013 | Government report | International Minamata Convention on Mercury — treaty framework regulating anthropogenic Hg releases that affect MeHg bioaccumulation in marine food chains and therefore seafood contamination globally |
| 20 | EFSA 2012. Scientific Opinion on the Risk for Public Health Related to the Presence of Mercury and Methylmercury in Food, EFSA Journal 2012;10(12):2985 | 2012 | Government report | EFSA 2012 Hg/MeHg risk assessment — lowered MeHg TWI to 1.3 µg/kg bw/week anchored on Faroe and Seychelles cohort data; confirms high fish consumers substantially exceed TWI |
| 21 | Farina et al. 2011. Mechanisms of Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity: Evidence from Experimental Studies, Life Sciences 89(15-16):555-563 | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Mechanistic review of MeHg neurotoxicity — blood-brain barrier crossing, glutathione thiol binding, oxidative stress, and calcium disruption; provides molecular basis for the developmental neurotoxicity endpoint |
| 22 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, EFSA Journal 2009;7(10):1351 | 2009 | Government report | EFSA 2009 arsenic risk assessment — distinguishes iAs (carcinogenic) from seafood-origin organoarsenic (arsenobetaine, not of health concern); sets the regulatory and exposure context for seafood As |
| 23 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EFSA 2009 Cd risk assessment establishing EU TWI of 2.5 µg/kg bw/week; identifies bivalve molluscs, crustaceans, and cephalopods as high-Cd seafood subcategories contributing to population Cd exposure |
| 24 | ATSDR 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2007 | Government report | ATSDR 2007 comprehensive arsenic toxicology profile — notes that seafood-derived organoarsenic (arsenobetaine) does not contribute to iAs exposure and must be excluded from dietary iAs calculations |
| 25 | Harper et al. 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin Compounds, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ATSDR | 2005 | Government report | ATSDR Sn toxicology profile — identifies organotins (tributyltin, triphenyltin) from coastal-water seafood as a distinct and far more toxic Sn exposure pathway than inorganic tin from tinplate cans |
| 26 | JECFA 2004. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Methylmercury), 61st Meeting of JECFA, WHO Technical Report Series 922 | 2004 | Government report | JECFA 61st meeting — established the international MeHg PTMI of 1.6 µg/kg bw/week anchored on Faroe and Seychelles cohort data; foundational reference for all regulatory MeHg limits in seafood |
| 27 | EPA 2001. Methylmercury (MeHg) — IRIS Chemical Assessment Summary, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2001 | Government report | EPA IRIS MeHg assessment establishing US oral RfD of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day for developmental neurotoxicity; the basis for FDA/EPA fish consumption advice for pregnant women and children |
| 28 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | Codex General Standard — sets international MeHg, Pb, Cd, and iAs maximum levels applicable to fish, bivalve molluscs, cephalopods, and other seafood categories |