against arsenic stress in

Overview

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Key numbers

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modulation against arsenic stress in 100 ppm of the arsenic.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391348 Results: Likewise, a notable reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the relative
growth rate (RGR) by 4-folds and net assimilation rate (NAR) by 75% of Helianthus
of As in potable water have resulted in the emergence of areas generates fewer waste products (Qadir et al., 2022). Indeed, present-
concentrations of 100, 300, 500, 900, and 1200 ppm to cultivate S. mL of the CAS reagent was merged with 0.5 mL of the culture
culture supernatant exhausting the Community Bureau of % Siderophore production (psu) = 100
for 10 minutes. The isolated cells were later ﬂushed with sanitized of 0.1% HgCl2. After disinfection, the seeds were meticulously
(As+5) concentration, speciﬁcally 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm. The
t2 –t1 ﬁltered. To the ﬁltrate, 0.8 mL of the 0.73% NaCl was added. The
of plant exudates) was homogenized in 100% methanol at a ratio of the leaf specimens were subjected to a bleaching solution (ethanol:
(0.004%) was prepared by dissolving 0.004 g of DPPH in the chosen
were ground and mixed with 5 mL of 80% ethanol. Alternatively, scavenging, which was assessed employing the subsequent equation:
overnight in a shaker. Afterward, centrifugation was conducted at % DPPH = ( ) 100
This extraction process was conducted once for 100% extraction,
although the initial extraction already yielded 93%. The
homogenizing the leaves in 100% methanol, ensuring effective
mg of leaves were homogenized in 2 mL of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid.
absorbance was quantiﬁed at wavelengths of 532 nm, 600 nm, As level was calculated in samples by means of the established
conductivity (L2) was deliberated at 25°C (Lutts et al., 1996). The The mixtures from Step 2 were combined with 30% H2O2 (10
fragments (1 g) were subjected to a treatment at 47°C with 72% 2.16 Metal determination in
2.17 Bioconcentration factor biomass with the rise in As+5 concentration up to 500 ppm
The metal in Hoagland’s medium and plants biomass were was observed beyond 500 ppm. The biosorption capacity of the
biosorption was observed up to 500 ppm of As+5. No signiﬁcant
Metal concentration added to Hoagland 0 s media bacterial host at 900 and 1200 ppm of As+5 (Figure 1B). A
2.18 Analysis of the data supplemented with 500 ppm of As+5. The biotransformation
ppm of As+5 (Figure 1C). Regarding siderophores, the rhizobacteria
SPSS Statistics 21. Signiﬁcant differences among means were
ppm As+5 stress (Figure 1D).
3.1 Effects of As on bacterial mass, Exposure of H. annuus to 100 ppm of As stress resulted in a
biosorption, biotransformation and signiﬁcant 75% reduction in net assimilation rate (NAR) compared
Role of As+5 and S. arlettae on (A) net assimilation rate (NAR) and (B) relative growth rate (RGR) of host. The bars in the ﬁgure represent the mean
(Figure 2B). Plants exposed to 100 ppm of As stress experienced capability for IAA synthesis and led to signiﬁcant (P=0.05)
Following inoculation with S. arlettae, the RGR of host plants reduction (12.42%) in exogenous IAA content was noted within
increased by approximately 8-fold under 100 ppm As stress. The the host plants supplemented with 100 ppm of As+5.
to 25 ppm As stress, while non-inoculated H. annuus plants 3.3.2 Sugars and lipids
supplemented with 100 ppm As exhibited lower RGR (Figure 2B). Elevated metal concentrations in the growth medium resulted in
68.23%, while in root exudates, there was a 7.08% increase compared to
H. annuus seedlings were found to synthesize 85.7% of indole arlettae led to a reduction in seedling sugar contents as As+5 stress
(Figure 3A). The introduction of As stress had a notable impact decrease of 13.86% in endogenously accumulated sugars and 0.11% in
(p<0.05) on IAA production and its endogenous deposition, root-exuded sugars following treatment with 100 ppm of As+5.
resulting in a reduction to 20.88% compared to untreated plants. The accumulated lipid contents of the host seedlings showed
Furthermore, a decline in IAA production (from 14.12% to 10.61%) notable changes in response to As-induced stress. With increased

Methods (brief)

annuus seedlings in 4 leaves stage. The experimental setup was Approximately, 1 mL of samples were mixed with 2 mL of
two factors: S. arlettae inoculation and varying levels of arsenic plant samples (Hussain and Hasnain, 2011).
harvested for subsequent analysis and assessment. The duration of were extracted. The samples were thoroughly mixed using a vortex
capture the response of the seedlings to the combined inﬂuences of set at 50°C. Following incubation, the samples were subjected to
Various growth parameters were measured from the collected minutes. The mixture was then treated with 5 mL of saturated
In which, the natural logarithm (ln) is utilized, while W1 and lower phase containing lipids were collected. The phase with lipids
In the experimental context, W2 signiﬁes the dry weight of the sulfuric acid (5 mL) was integrated with 0.2 mL of the samples,
The examination was repeated thrice, and the collected data
utilized for the analysis of plant hormones, underwent a preparation Subsequent to this, the samples were transferred to a shaking
2 milliliters per gram of plant sample. Following this, centrifugation acetic acid: glycerol; 3:1:1) for an hour in a water bath. This
was performed at a 5600 rcf. The extracted IAA was collected from bleaching step was carried out to remove photosynthetic
leaf samples. pulverized with 1 mL of methanol, while a DPPH standard solution
2.10 Estimation of non-enzymatic plant sample was merged with 2 mL of freshly prepared DPPH
sample volume of 0.2 mL of the supernatant, 100 μL of hydrogen
picrylhydrazyl) as the free radicals, sticking to the method by denotes the total amount of the prepared sample, VU represents the
sample in grams. using the provided formula:
tetrazolium (NBT), as outlined by Dhindsa et al. (1981). The sample
absorbance was quantiﬁed at wavelengths of 532 nm, 600 nm, As level was calculated in samples by means of the established

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised