Klein et al. 2017 - Trace elements in human milk across four populations
Klein and colleagues measured essential and toxic trace elements in human milk from women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States. The study is routeable for human-milk exposure context because it directly reports milk concentrations and compares populations. It is not an infant-formula or commercial dairy source.
Key numbers
- Sample frame: milk samples from 70 lactating mothers.
- The paper measured five essential and three toxic elements in human milk.
- The authors report that concentrations of all elements except zinc varied across populations after controlling for covariates.
- Mean lead concentrations were described as low compared with recently published values from other populations.
- Tables in the source report demographic characteristics and element concentration comparisons.
Methods (brief)
Human milk samples were collected from lactating mothers and analyzed for trace elements. The source reports total element concentrations and population comparisons; arsenic is not speciated as inorganic arsenic.
Implications
Certification: This is exposure-context evidence for human milk and should not be pooled with infant formula or commercial milk.
Courses: Useful for explaining geographic and population variance in infant dietary exposure.
App: Can support human-milk context where the app includes infant feeding exposure, but not product certification.
Wiki pages this source may touch
Verification notes
The same DOI was fetched under Cd and Pb/human-milk gaps. This page is the canonical source for that duplicate pair. The source is human-milk exposure evidence, not brand or product evidence.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0edf3ce | 2026-05-29 | ingest auto-fetched 2026-05-29 0000 batch 2: 10 source pages |