Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- (Rb). During the study period, The PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 5.00 to
- distributed under the terms of the Creative Pb, Cu, and Ba were seven dominant metals in PM2.5 accounted for 95.7% of the
- mainly derived from anthropogenic pollution, while industrial emissions (32.4%),
- Introduction Although metals and metalloids account for less than 10% of PM2.5,
- accounting for approximately 90% of the total body burden in mammals.
- 10 mL of a 5% nitric acid solution was added. The samples were the temporal variation in different components. The underlying
- membrane blank for all elements were below the detection limit. was set to 10%.
- reference material was between 85 and 113%. This study employed the ‘four-step’ health risk assessment
- widespread presence in PM2.5, was selected as the reference element. summarized in Supplementary Table S1. The health risk assessment
- C × ED × EF × ET respectively. As shown in Table 1, the annual average ambient air PM2.5
- dose via inhalation (ng/m3), and LADD denotes the daily exposure dose the CNAAQS IT-2 accounted for 1.85% of the annual days and 8.01%
- concentration of each element (ng/m3), ED is the exposure duration—set IT-1, accounting for 46.3% of the total samples. Furthermore,
- reference concentration for chronic non-carcinogenic effects through 2.38%, respectively. For CNAAQS IT-1, the exceedance percentages
- inhalation (mg/m3), and IUR is the inhalation unit risk (μg/m3)−1. Finally, were 58.33, 45.88, 42.86 and 38.10%, respectively, with the percentage
- is approximately unlikely or negligible. However, If HQ ≥ 1, a TABLE 1 The annual average ambient air PM2.5 (μg/m3) and PM2.5-bound
- 10−6 and 10−4 is considered within acceptable range (34, 44), whereas Max (P25-P75)
- the carcinogenic risk is acceptable, and if the value of RISK> 10−4, it
- detection limit. Element concentrations are expressed as means ± SD Cd 0.68 0.52 0.10–3.78 0.52 (0.35–0.87)
- The annual and seasonal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 are mean concentrations of PM2.5-bound metals and metalloids in Wuxi
- shown in Figure 1C. Over the last 4 years, the concentration of PM2.5 from 2020 to 2023 are shown in Table 1. The mean concentration
- in Wuxi has decreased with increasing years (p < 0.01), with a 26% ranked as Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ba > As > Cr > Mo > Sn >
- correlated with PM2.5 concentration (p < 0.05), while there was a respectively, which accounted for 95.7% of TMs. The annual mean
- concentration (Table 2). m3 but over 1 ng/m3, while the concentrations of remaining PM2.5-
- 659.7 ± 318.5 ng/m3, comprising 1.91% mass. The total metal were 3.80 ± 2.08 ng/m3, 0.68 ± 0.52 ng/m3, 0.1 ng/m3 and
- concentrations (TMs) decreased by 30.2%, from 783.4 ng/m3 in 2020 24.1 ± 15.2 ng/m3, respectively, which are significantly less than the
- to 547.0 ng/m3 in 2023. The concentration range of the monitored limits set by the CNAAQS (6 ng/m3, 5 ng/m3, 50 ng/m3 and 500 ng/
- and 29.4% higher in summer, respectively. In contrast, the average
- Sn, Pb, Cu, As, and Tl exceeded 100, with mean values of
- Sn −0.061 −0.066 −0.018 −0.15* −0.26* exhibited moderate enrichment. Meanwhile, Rb and Fe had EF values
- in Wuxi (p < 0.05), as shown in Table 3. Co showed the largest The correlation analysis of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound metals and
- reduction in concentration, dropping by 55.1%, followed by Sr. metalloids in Wuxi during the monitoring period is presented in
- (47.6%), Cu (39.6%), Fe (33.6%), Rb (33.2%), Tl (32.9%), Zn (31.1%), Figure 4. As shown, the annual mean concentrations of the 22 PM2.5-
- Cd (30.3%), Al (29.8%), Ba (25.5%), V (21.2%), Se (19.9%), and Mn bound metals and metalloids exhibited positive correlations with
- (17.1%), and others had no statistical trends (p > 0.05). PM2.5 concentrations, with the correlation coefficients all higher than
- The seasonal distribution characteristics of metals and metalloids 0 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the correlation coefficients of Mn with Ni,
- average concentrations of Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, and Mo were significantly these four factors were 32.4, 26.2, 27.9, and 13.5%, respectively. The
- higher in autumn than in summer (p < 0.05), while no significant contribution rates of elements such as Cr (76.5%), Mo (62.7%), Ni
- statistical trends were observed for other elements (p > 0.05). (62.2%), Li (60%), and Mn (51.3%) in factor 1 were significantly high.
- TABLE 3 The annual variations of PM2.5-bound metals and metalloids (ng/m3) in Wuxi from 2020 to 2023.
- source. The contribution rates of As (51.9%), Se (42.6%), Cd (56.4%), metals and metalloids, with an HQ of 6.29 × 10−1 ± 3.28 × 10−1,
- Sb (51.9%), Tl (62.2%), and Pb (43.6%) in Factor 2 were also followed by As (2.53 × 10−1 ± 1.39 × 10−1) and (Pb 1.61 × 10−1 ±
- combustion source. In Factor 3, Zn (63.8%), Co (53.4%), and Cu with values of 5.21 × 10−7 ± 4.02 × 10−7, 1.24 × 10−7 ± 7.79 × 10−8, and
Methods (brief)
- essential biomolecules, replacing vital metal ions in proteins, enzymes, Sample collection
- pollution sources. The flow rate of the sampler was 100 L/min. Ci
- with samples collected from the 10th to the 16th of each month, or Bi
- samples were stored at −20°C for subsequent analysis.
- recorded at the time of sample collection. Bi represents the concentration of each heavy metal in the soil (mg/
- the background values of soil elements were collected from Nanjing,
- Sample preparation and detection
- The PM2.5 samples were pretreated in accordance with the PMF analysis
- 10 mL of a 5% nitric acid solution was added. The samples were the temporal variation in different components. The underlying
- 3 h. Following this, the samples were thoroughly shaken and research, source apportionment of PM2.5-bound elements in the
- spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS, Agilent Technologies 8,900). Before 5
- conditions, the reagent blank, standard curve series, sample MDL represents the detection limit of the target pollutant, Conc
- solution, and quality control sample solution are measured represents the concentration of the target pollutant, and Er represents
- Where ADD shows the chronic non-carcinogenic daily exposure 34.6 ± 15.6 μg/m3. During the monitoring period, samples exceeding
- to carcinogenic substances via inhalation routes (ng/m3). C is the of the total samples. Additionally, 156 samples exceeded the CNAAQS
- concentration of each element (ng/m3), ED is the exposure duration—set IT-1, accounting for 46.3% of the total samples. Furthermore,
- health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in road dust from urban industrial 20. Bjørklund G, Pivina L, Dadar M, Semenova Y, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. Long-term
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Lead
- Arsenic
- Nickel
- Aluminum
- Tin
- Chromium
Verification notes
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Update history
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