population, most notably children. Steps should be taken to mitigate the risk of exposure to lead- were used for the present study. Planning

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Results: One hundred nine households were enrolled; 61% had at least one lead measurement for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to
• above federal standards. Of homes with bare soil, 47% had elevated lead and 27% had levels exceed- produce accurate and reliable estimates of the
• ing 1,200 ppm. Housing age was associated with soil lead, and housing age and soil lead were asso- size and charac­teristics of the New Orleans
• either interior or exterior lead levels. The median soil lead level of 560 ppm was significantly higher
• Conclusions: The high prevalence (61%) of lead above recommended levels in soil and dust
• health concerns was the possibility of wide­ before 1950, an estimated 83% of which have because of the slow pace of reconstruction in
• ducted in 2006, reported a 46% decrease was to assess the burden of numerous envi­ of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public
• in median soil lead from pre-Katrina levels ronmental health hazards (e.g., allergen levels, Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St.,
• 2007 through May 2008. Recruitment was sampling protocol has been described in detail (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
• sent to homes deemed occupied per the study considered. Descriptive statistical analyses rate of 61.2%, an α of 0.05, and an alter­
• five recruitment attempts, they were deemed of socio­demographic and household charac­ 92%. Response rates varied from 14.2% in the
• was obtained for each enrolled household. The income data points were imputed from to 75.6% in Lakeview. The overall response
• study was approved by the Tulane University median income level of the census tract block rate was 32.5%. Most respondents were
• Institutional Review Board. to which the address belonged, according Caucasian (61.5%) and had an annual house­
• owners (68.8%). Four participant house­ remained significantly associated with interior elevated lead sample either inside or outside
• holds (3.7%) reported receiving some form lead levels above the HUD/U.S. EPA health- of the home. Nearly half the homes with
• of govern­ment assistance. Nine homes (8.3%) based standards (Table 3). bare soil had elevated soil lead, and 27% of
• for windowsill dust (U.S. EPA 2008a), 50.5% periods. We compared the soil lead levels and nificantly associated with socio­demographic
• was elevated (Table 2). Nearly half (46.7%) the 2000 and the 2007–2008 surveys. In elevated lead, although low income was non­
• of the 90 homes with bare soil had levels the 2000 survey, soil lead ranged from 25 to significantly associated with interior lead in
• Considering both interior and exterior samples, range was 10–24,000 ppm. The median soil contamination may be the result of the
• 61.4% of homes had at least one measurement lead level from the 2000 survey was 408.1 ppm unprecedented amount of home renovation
• in excess of the HUD/U.S. EPA standard. (interquartile range = 442.0 ppm), and the and demolition that was required as a result
• In unadjusted models, age of housing median lead level in the 2007–2008 survey was of Hurricane Katrina damage both in high‑
• was the only factor significantly associated 560.0 ppm (interquartile range = 1,324 ppm), and low-income neighborhoods.
• (p < 0.05) with elevated soil lead (OR = 82.0; a 37% increase relative to the pre­storm median. In New Orleans, approximately 135,000
• 95% CI: 10.3, 651.5), whereas both age of Overall, median levels for individual census structures sustained hurricane damage, with
• housing (OR = 12.8; 95% CI: 4.7, 35.1) tracts were significantly higher in the samples major or severe damage to 105,000 of these
• and elevated soil lead (OR = 21.2; 95% CI: collected after Hurricane Katrina than in sam­ homes. As of May 2009, an estimated 9,000
• tics of the study population (n = 109). The traditional lead distribution in New were built before 1950, pose a potential new
• Rent 34 (31.2) lacked the means to quickly return to the city, blood lead levels (Farfel et al. 2003, 2005;
• proportion of non­m inority home­o wners for the sampled homes was 37% higher than
• Multifamily home 30 (19.2) living in areas of the city with low poverty. the median soil lead level for samples col­
• sampling (n = 109). degree of soil contamination—was unexpected. those from two soil lead distribution studies
• HUD/U.S. EPA elevated Table 3. ORs (95% CIs) for associations between socio­demographic variables and elevated interior dust
• Quality survey found no change in the dis­ 2005). Because regulations are in place to limit rate was low at 32.5%. Although likely an
• (2010) reported a 46% decrease in median and paint have been banned, of particular approach taken to define occupancy, there
• As a result of Hurricane Katrina’s wide­ and post-Katrina comparative analysis, our high residential lead levels. Although > 86%
• this population, 64.2% of the homes were built current targeted screening and public health age or what type of renovations had taken
• activities are contributing to the high lead ≥ 20 µg/dL in New York, 14% of elevated per census tract varied between the surveys.
• lead levels in children (Clark et al. 2004; can be no prediction for future occupancy. indicate that 61% of homes had lead levels
• 20–30% (Culbard et al. 1988; Davies et al. high-density areas, such as urban cores, where blood lead levels, including children who were

Methods (brief)

• tamination of soils. representative sample of New Orleans homes.
• than the median level of samples collected before Hurricane Katrina. recovery period (Louisiana Public Health
• samples in and around residences raises concern about potential health risks to the New Orleans
• Quality initiated an investigation into the determined only after soil data collected sub­ tial rosters) inappropriate for use. Therefore,
• floodwater sediment contamination in resi­ sequent to reconstruction activities became to select sample households, we used the
• sive renovation effort that would be required and dust lead levels in a representative sample of Housing and Urban Development Office of
• incorporate the dynamic repopulation of the samples were collected from 286 census tracts levels and interior lead levels, respectively.
• trailers were excluded from the study. Sample analyses. Dust and soil lead census tract soil lead level to explore changes
• Proportionate random sampling, stratified samples were analyzed for metals by BTS in the distribution of soil lead pre- and post­
• by city planning district, was used to select Laboratories (Waldorf, MD)—a U.S. EPA– hurricane. Homes that lacked sample data
• 109 study households. An initial recruitment recognized, American Industrial Hygiene because there was no bare floor to sample,
• the home was occupied using a well-defined atomic absorption spectrophotometry (U.S. from the relevant analysis. All analyses were
• planning district strata. A second recruitment dust lead levels, including age of housing, The sample consisted of 109 homes from nine
• was received from the initial recruitment proximity of the home to a busy street. estimates were calculated on the sample size of
• collected via wipe sampling from six locations Lakeview Gentilly
• in the interior of the home. Floor samples
• windowsill samples were collected from the
• room. An outdoor sample was collected from Algiers

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel

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