Nanobiochar to Enhance Mercury Ion Removal from Water Systems

Overview

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of particles ranged from 18.7 to 23.7 nm. At the same time, the EDX analysis denoted the existence of
several major elements with related percentage values of carbon (52.9%), oxygen (27.6%), molybde-
num (8.8%), and nitrogen (4.5%) in the assembled MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent. The effectiveness
Revised: 30 October 2024 this study, providing 91.2–98.6% removal efficiency.
from wastewater (10). Biochar is a notable example, widely used for the removal of both
specifications. Molybdic acid (H2 MoO4 = MoO3 ·H2 O, MW = 161.95 and assay ≥ 85.0%
MoO3 basis), mercuric acetate (Hg CH3 COO)2 , MW = 318.68 and assay ≥ 98.0%) and
hydrochloric acid (HCl, MW = 36.46 and assay 99.0%), and diphenylthiocarbazone (dithi-
zone, C6 H5 NHNHCSN=NC6 H5 , MW = 256.33 and assay ≥ 85.0%) were all purchased
say 98.0%) was purchased from BDH, Poole, England, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH,
MW = 39.99 and assay > 99.0%) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate disodium dehydrate
(EDTA, C10 H14 N2 Na2 O8 ·2H2 O, MW = 372.24 and assay ≥ 99.0%) were collected from
tions, are listed in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials).
vestigated with batch experiments using 0.5–10 mg/L. In a typical procedure of optimum
the removal percentage (%R) of Hg(II) according to Equation (2).
carbon (52.9%), oxygen (27.6%), (8.8%), and nitrogen
(8.8%), andare nitrogen (
93.8%, as these to
93.8%, as these elements are mainly related to both constituting units inInMA@NBA
osorbent, such as potassium, chloride, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus, comprising 2.9%, compr
major constituting elements related to C (78.8%) and O (17.0%), as well as other
the major constituting elements related to C (78.8%) and O (17.0%), as well as other m minor
P (total of 4.4%).
in the assembled MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent (41). The nitrogen peak detected at the range
bent (47.9%) after thermal heating to 900 ◦ C is basically related to the surface-loaded
range between 16.6◦ and 37.5◦ is basically attributed to the amorphous character of NBAL
was followed by using two Hg(II) concentrations (5.0 and 10.0 mmol/L). Table 1 refers
while in the case of 10.0 mmol/L, it corresponded to 1444.25 mg/L. This trend can be
Table 1. Effect of pH factor (conditions: pH 2–6, 5 and 10 mmol/L−1 Hg(II) concentration, time of
Table S2 (Supplementary Materials), while the graphical illustrations are shown in Figure 2b
main parameters used to validate the best-fitting kinetics (Table 2). The R2 computed by
Table 2. Kinetic parameters computed for adsorption of Hg(II) onto MA@NBAL by different models.
of the investigated adsorbent is profitable from an economical point of view (55). The
pH 6.0. Table S3 (Supplementary Materials) lists the parameters concluded for the sorption
expression was found to be 666.6 mg/g (Table 3 and Figure S3, Supplementary Materials),
listed values of RL in Table 3 are in the range of 0.936–0.988, confirming the favorable
outlined in Table 3. However, Equation (4) is employed to conclude bT in kJ/mol as the
Finally, the Freundlich model (Figure 4b) should be listed as the most suitable expres-
10.0 mmol/L Hg(II), and the collected results are outlined in Table 4. The adsorptive
at 333 K. Thus, the developed MA@NBC was able to remove Hg(II) in a wide range of
from Van’t Hoff’s plot (Figure 5), as listed in Table 5. The ∆G◦ values decreased from
Table 4. Effect of reaction temperature on Hg(II) removal (conditions: pH 6, time of 30 min, mass of

Methods (brief)

Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; safeeldeenelsayed@aast.edu
(EDTA, C10 H14 N2 Na2 O8 ·2H2 O, MW = 372.24 and assay ≥ 99.0%) were collected from
were determined under the batch condition. Various water samples (10.0 mL each) were
were determined under the batch condition. Various water samples (10.0 mL each)
data collected from the XPS of MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent also
collected from the XPS of MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent also confirm the existence of a Mo(VI) confirm the existence of
to the collected results from the pH factor by providing the characterized mg/g Hg(II)
removal efficiency. Finally, the results collected from the pH dependence denote that pH 6.0
Hg(II) solutions atdata collected
and the data collected adsorption capacity
10.0 mmol/L Hg(II), and the collected results are outlined in Table 4. The adsorptive
usingfrom 0.01 mol/Lsample.
sample. The detected percentage
sented method. Three different water samples were used in this investigation, with the
2 and 5 µg/mL Hg(II), adjusted to the optimum pH 6.0 condition. The data collected
samples. Therefore, the listed results confirm and refer to the acceptable applicability of the
for Hg(II) uptake from different contaminated samples, providing removal efficiencies of
Controlling Factor (mg/g) Real Sample

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised