functioning of the human body. Malnutrition is the leading cause that food processing results in quality and quantity products

Overview

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Key numbers

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• Alexandre Furtado Silveira Mello4. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2477-9517
• 1. Department of Food Production, Campus Santa Rosa, Federal Institute Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, Brazil.
• 2. Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
• 3. Department of Food Production, Campus Santo Augusto, Federal Institute Farroupilha, Santo Augusto, RS, Brazil.
• 4. Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA), Brasília-DF, Brazil.
• Malnutrition is related not only to a lack of food but also consumed in several countries12.
• diseases related to diet causing millions of deaths annually1,2. processing are often unavoidable, they can be minimized by
• Micronutrient deficiency (vitamins and minerals) is also known the use of appropriate processing technologies13,14.
• of children, and normal physical and mental functions1. the nutritional characteristics of foods.
• more than 2 billion people, or 1 in 3 persons worldwide3,4. Nutritional deficiency and biofortification of species
• birth5. VA and Zn deficiencies may alter the immune system; essential needs, based on health-promoting food practices
• diseases or physiological dysfunctions, including reproductive culturally, economically and socially sustainable15. It means
• intestinal disease and some tumors6,7. VA deficiency results in WHO reports indicate that there are 122 countries that
• 600,000 deaths a year in the world, mostly among children suffer from VA deficiency (VAD) in a subclinical state globally.
• increasing the nutrient content important for human health, population considered to be at high risk on a global scal16,17,18.
• deficiencies, with consequences for food security, especially with 91.5 million people affected. In India, 62% of children
• species through transgenic techniques, aimed to improve the are also high affected19. VA deficiency ranges from 7.8% in
• nutritional content of foods, is a highly debated area and full China, 30-50% in Congo, 33.5-34.8% in Ethiopia, 57.5% in
• of ethical dilemmas3,10. Bangladesh and 63% in Thailand20,21,22. In Latin America and
• the synthesis or accumulation of nutrients by the raw materials11. English-speaking Caribbean). The prevalence of subclinical VAD
• The biofortification of species has already proven to be an (serum retinol <20 g/dl) in children under 5 years of age ranges
• effective, low-cost technique that is being adopted by small between 6% in Panama and 36% in El Salvador. The problem
• access to a diversified diet, supplements or commercially The population affected amounts to about 14.5 million children
• fortified foods4. The biofortification of orange-flesh sweet potato under 5 years of age (25% of that age group). Schoolchildren
• (OFSP) with β-carotene is considered an affordable strategy in and adult women may also have significant VAD23. In Brazil,
• Severo J, et al. Rev Chil Nutr 2021; 48(3): 414-425.
• the Southeast and Northeast regions of Brazil, with 22.1 and biofortified lineage, and it also demands intellectual property
• which can be considered a moderate public health problem24. HarvestPlus program, a global action focused on nutritional
• (Figure 1)3,25,26. Africa and Latin America8. Currently, improved cultivars are
• Conventional biofortification consists of repeated crosses being tested and grown in over 40 countries28. According to
• of plants of the same species until more nutritious cultivars Bouis et al.2, biofortified crops are currently cultivated and
• food. This process is also known as conventional breeding they are expected to reach 1 billion people by 2030.
• or conventional genetic breeding. Among the advantages of In Brazil, food biofortification projects began in 2009,
• potatoes, beans, cowpea, cassava, corn, wheat and pumpkin28,29.
• (USA). Vizzotto et al.30 reported total carotenoid contents of
• Figure 1: Crop biofortification by transgenic (A), conventional
• recommended by Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF- Brazil) in implementation cost and versatility for consumption40. SP
• Brazil, presenting β-carotene content higher than 10 times that originated in Latin America and nowdays is cultivated in more
• being conducted. In the fight against hypovitaminosis A, the first South and West Asia, among other regions41,42.
• version of Golden Rice (GR1) was obtained from the incorporation In Brazil, SP is the sixth place most planted vegetable
• of the psy (phytoene synthase) and crt (phytoene desaturase) in the country, with a 2019 production of 805.412 tons,
• genes of an ornamental flower (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) in in an estimated area of 57.290 hectares. However, when

Methods (brief)

• health and, consequently, in combatting malnutrition, 12. Laurie SM, Faber M, Claasen N. Incorporating orange-fleshed

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

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Update history

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