distinct size-dependent properties led to the development of

Overview

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Key numbers

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ysis of polydisperse 400 nm (median size) TiO2, 150 nm Al2O3, preservation, and sample preparation. Diﬀerent dispersion
a single quadrupole ICP-MS (ICP-Q-MS), and 48Ti+, 27Al+, 57Fe+, tion. Moreover, a certain PNC range is required for analysis to
and 44(SiO)+ were chosen for NP detection in a model water measure the NPs individually. The required PNC range for
date. The next chapter is dedicated to the description of successful extraction and spICP-MS analysis. Table 1 presents
Table 1 Summary of peer-reviewed spICP-MS nanoanalysis papers with selected experimental conditions, sample matrices, and particle size LODsa
NPs digestion with concentric cooling gas 14 size LOD was
2009 20, 40, and Immunoassay with 2% HNO3 to Glass concentric RF power 1400 W, Q Au+ 10 ms 15 nm 123
2018 Ag-containing Water from Vltava, 1% (w/w) gelatin PTFE concentric RF power 1100 W, Q Ag+ 0.1 ms 15 nm 178
coated Ag NPs (water, 10% ethanol, nebulizer cooling gas 15
citrate-coated Ag (10%, 20%, and 50% X-100 was used concentric cooling gas 14
NPs ethanol; 3% acetic to create an olive nebulizer, L min1, auxiliary
fat cow milk, 2% water chamber nebulizer gas 0.96
with 1% glycerol, nebulizer gas 0.95
2018 20–100 nm CuO Leaves of vegetables, Exposure to NPs, Glass concentric RF power 1550 W, Q Cu+ 0.1 ms n/s 201
(Milli-Q water, 10% reconstitution in nebulizer gas 1
2017 TiO2 NPs Textiles (table Release of NPs n/s n/s n/s Ti+, 44Ca+ 0.1 ms 27–33 nm 229
hands with 0.2% Pb+, 30 ms were used.
a transport eﬃciency of approximately 93% was reportedly
TOF at 7% was discussed to be likely due to adsorption to nebulizer
protease n/s dilution a transport eﬃciency of over 95% can be achieved.30 The
Table 1 Year 2018 2018 2019 the sample introduction stage aﬀecting both NPs and dissolved
a matrix (SiO2 particles in a Ca2+ matrix) aﬀects both particle can decrease the size LODs by 25–30% for the studied NPs
sampling position upstream in the plasma (closer to the coil) used in spICP-MS application papers are summarized in Table 1
to an increase in the size LOD for NPs in spICP-MS. However, the most abundant 48Ti+ isotope, and the mass-shi detection
that are available today are suitable for diﬀerent types of Ag NP analysis and quantication with ICP-Q-MS.66,67 Here,
signal rises with increasing signal level,51,52 the NP size LOD ion cloud was recently exploited to distinguish natural from
Fig. 4 Frequency distribution for the lowest NP sizes detectable using diﬀerent reaction gases in ICP-TQ-MS for SiO2 particle analysis. Practical
LODs for Ti, Mo, and Au containing NPs respectively.74 It was NP ion clouds with an adequate number of data points per
time range are still the most frequently used (Table 1, also measurement time was limited by the computer hard disc
able PNC range for their measurements and be aware of the truly continuous data acquisition (Fig. 6).77 The system allows
time based on cluster detection.60 Another mass analyzer that a relative precision of 0.5%. It was emphasized that the NP size
a collision gas to remove polyatomic interference (from NP are lost due to the dead time (e.g. 6.2% for 40 nm and 24.4%
NPs is possible in a wider range of PNCs and in the presence of LDR for Au NPs was investigated by Lee and Chan and 250 nm
considered in order to diﬀerentiate NPs from the background.81 the mass spectrometer. Lee et al. calculated the size LODs for 40
in previous reviews in detail.6,8,9 Briey speaking, quantication PNC and size LODs are both based on a statistical evaluation
that the determination of median particle diameter (2–5% usually require even more data processing, because each NP is
repeatability SD and 15–25% reproducibility SD) is much more represented by several data points. Until now there is still no
PNC (7–18% repeatability SD and 70–90% reproducibility SD). developed system utilizes its own algorithm (discussed in the
Table 2 Separation methods coupled to spICP-MS for NP analysis
coated Ag NPs, a cyclonic spray L min1 membrane, 0.02%
An approach that utilizes modelling of the background based online to spICP-MS is presented in Table 2, and the main
are not included). The studies included in Table 1 are grouped media, model and real environmental water samples, etc.) with

Methods (brief)

coupled plasma mass spectrometry – A step
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS or SP-ICP-MS depending on the
This review discusses the instrumental developments in spICP-MS of recent years step-by-step, from the
sample introduction system to the detector. The authors identify necessary improvements and suggest
method for atomic spectroscopy”. The review also discusses the literature on coupling spICP-MS to
(FFF), and diﬀerential mobility analysis (DMA). The second part of the review is dedicated to the
applications of spICP-MS. Key steps in sample preparation and selected instrumental conditions that
were used in the published literature are summarized in a tabular form. Most frequently, spICP-MS is
rsc.li/jaas an experimental procedure depending on the matrix that is present in the sample under investigation.
coupled to spICP-MS for nanomaterial applications and funda- and applications of plasma-based techniques, development of
Fig. 1 Number of spICP-MS publications according to the Web of
state of division of these particles must be extreme; they have The search command: “SP-ICP-MS” or “SP-ICPMS” or “sp-ICPMS” or
not as yet been seen by any power of the microscope.”3 This “single particle ICPMS” or “single particle ICP-MS” or “single particle
statement is proof that the task of analyzing Au nanoparticles inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry” or “single particle
tions, namely, diﬃcult sample preparation, limited area of element-specic density and particle geometry are assumed.
methods are needed. all, spICP-MS allows obtaining the average size, size distribu-
trometry (spICP-MS, also referred to as SP-ICP-MS depending described in detail in other older reviews,6–9 so they will be
on the author).5 The technique utilizes a standard ICP-MS discussed only shortly below.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised