Milk And Dairy
Stub page. Chekri et al. 2019 reports infant formulae, follow-on formulae, growing-up milks, milk-based beverages, milk-based desserts, and common dairy categories. Burrell and Exley 2010 and Chuchu et al. 2013 report aluminum in cow-milk-based infant formula products, but do not isolate raw cow milk from finished formula constituents and processing. Dabeka et al. 2011 reports milk-based formula by powder, concentrated liquid, and ready-to-use formats, but those are product-level rows rather than raw dairy occurrence distributions. Astolfi et al. 2021 reports powdered infant formula as sold in Italy, but does not provide a raw-milk or dairy-ingredient concentration row. Kazi et al. 2009 reports milk-based infant formula as a comparator to soy-based formula, not a raw dairy occurrence distribution. chekri2019-french-infant-toddler-tds-trace-elements burrell2010-aluminium-in-infant-formulas chuchu2013-aluminium-in-infant-formulas dabeka2011-canada-infant-formula-lead-cadmium-aluminum astolfi2021-italy-powdered-infant-formula-elements kazi2009-toxic-elements-in-infant-formulae
Ranges by source, region, and variety
Pending dairy-specific occurrence extraction. Formula-specific values remain filed under the relevant product pages.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Scoping review of Pb, Cd, tAs, and tHg in 251 infant formulas and 580 baby foods worldwide (75 studies); covers milk-and-dairy-derived formulas as one of the primary ingredient categories |
| 2 | Erol et al. 2025. Safety and Nutritional Profile of Traditional Turkish Cheeses: A Comprehensive Study on Their Mineral Content, Heavy Metal Contamination, and Health Risks of Aho, Golot, and Telli, Food Science & Nutrition | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Al in 30 samples of three traditional Turkish cheeses; two outlier samples (Golot Pb 1,789 µg/kg, Telli Hg 469 µg/kg) exceeded hazard index threshold — artisanal production risk |
| 3 | Yazdanian et al. 2025. Investigation of the abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (including virulence gene profiles) and heavy metal contamination in camel milk, Veterinary Medicine and Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, and As in 49 raw camel milk samples from Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Iran; all below applicable MACs — baseline occurrence dataset for a matrix and geographic region with very limited prior data |
| 4 | Adelusi et al. 2024. Heavy Metal Contamination of Dairy Cattle Feed in the Free State and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, Food Science & Nutrition | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | As, Cd, and Pb below LOD in 70 South African dairy cattle feed samples (Free State and Limpopo); supply-chain evidence that feed is not a significant heavy-metal carryover pathway in these provinces |
| 5 | Chen 2024. G-triplex DNA biosensor for mercury detection validated in milk, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical methods paper — G-triplex DNA biosensor for Hg2+ validated in spiked milk matrix; no unspiked occurrence data for Hg in milk |
| 6 | Chen et al. 2024. Design and fabrication of self-calibration colorimetric/fluorescence/SERS tri-modal optical sensor for highly rapid and accurate detection of mercury ions in foods, Food Chemistry: X | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical methods paper — tri-modal colorimetric/fluorescence/SERS Hg2+ sensor validated in spiked skimmed milk; no unspiked occurrence data for Hg in milk |
| 7 | Fei 2024. OFF-ON fluorescence sensor for cadmium detection validated in milk and seawater, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Analytical methods paper — OFF-ON fluorescence sensor for Cd2+ validated in spiked milk matrix; no unspiked occurrence data for Cd in milk |
| 8 | Luo 2024. ADA/VBB colorimetric method for cadmium detection in rice, milk, and vegetables with real sample measurements, unknown | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | ADA/VBB colorimetric method for Cd validated in actual milk (and rice and vegetable) samples with occurrence concentrations reported — both analytical methods paper and limited occurrence dataset |
| 9 | Meli et al. 2024. Chemical characterization of baby food consumed in Italy, PLOS ONE | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Al, tAs, Cd, tHg, Ni, Pb, and Sn in 25 European baby foods consumed in Italy, including a powdered milk sample with the highest estimated Ni daily intake (9.43 µg/kg bw/day) of any sample in the study |
| 10 | FDA 2022. Total Diet Study Report: Fiscal Years 2018-2020 Elements Data, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Total Diet Study Program | 2022 | Government report | FDA TDS 2018–2020 — Cd, Pb, Hg, iAs, Ni, and Al in US retail foods including milk and dairy; primary US dataset for dairy ingredient heavy-metal occurrence in the US diet |
| 11 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, tHg, Ni, and U in retail cow milk, goat milk, and plant-based drinks from Spain by ICP-MS; Hg, U, and V not detected; Pb detected in three samples including one oat drink |
| 12 | Chekri et al. 2019. Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | French infant and toddler TDS — multi-element occurrence in 291 foods including infant formula, follow-on formula, growing-up milks, and milk-based desserts |
| 13 | Pacquette et al. 2016. Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Raw Ingredients, Nutritional Products, and Infant Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 766-779 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | AOAC ICP-MS method validation for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in raw dairy ingredients (acid casein, skim milk powder), nutritional products, and infant formula — the canonical analytical platform for dairy formula heavy-metal surveillance |
| 14 | Chuchu et al. 2013. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high, BMC Pediatrics | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Al in 30 UK infant formula products (powdered and RTD); confirms elevated Al relative to breast milk and prior surveys — primary evidence for the ongoing Al-in-infant-formula concern |
| 15 | Dabeka et al. 2011. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, and Al in 243 Canadian infant formula samples stratified by format (powder, concentrated liquid, RTU) and base (cow-milk, soy, specialty); primary Canadian market occurrence dataset for three metals |
| 16 | Burrell et al. 2010. There is (still) too much aluminium in infant formulas, BMC Pediatrics | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | Al in 15 UK infant formula products including cow-milk-based powders, RTD liquids, and one soy-based powder; establishes that Al concentrations remain high relative to breast milk across formula formats |
| 17 | Kazi et al. 2009. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | Al, Cd, and Pb in 17 milk-based and soy-based infant formula powders purchased in Pakistan by ETAAS; direct comparison of cow-milk-based and soy-based formula across three metals |
| 18 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | Codex General Standard — sets Cd, Pb, MeHg, and iAs maximum levels applicable to milk, dairy, and infant formula used as reference thresholds in this ingredient’s regulatory context |