and evaluates the resulting threats to food intake and public health in Bangladesh by

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

TABLE 3 | Basic components of nutrition and their sources in food types found in Bangladesh.
vegetables, fruits, peas, beans, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, cucumber, Thiamine: 1.1–1.2 mg/day
TABLE 4 | Toxicity continuum ranked from the most harmful to the least harmful contaminants based on their respective allowable/total daily intake
Aldrin High value 0 0.0009 0.00003 (mg/l) 0.00003
Low value 0 0.002 0.00003 (mg/l) 0.00003
Cadmium Mean value 0.033 0.018 0.0001 0.0005
Chlordane High value NA* NA* 0.0002 (mg/l) 0.0005
Low value 0.0002 (mg/l) 0.0005
Lead Mean value 0.326 0.47 0.05 NA*
Melamine Mean value NA* NA* 0.2 NA*
1 https://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=D721AC1F-1 necessary to learn what contaminants are likely to become
TABLE 5 | Natural alternatives for certain food adulterants, contaminants and pesticides.
or are used to process the food to increase their shelf lives or make described in Table 1. It has been shown that one specific kind
long term or short-term health effects. Table 1 shows the elements which are the most vulnerable to get adulterated or the
fish, vegetables, sweetmeats, meat, rice, puffed rice, etc.) should be at ranges of 0.4–2.5 µg/g (Bhuiyan et al., 2009b). Most of the
Table 1 lists the impact on health or possible negative effects
development, and reduced productivity (WHO, 2015). Table 3 of occurrence of one specific disease or health disorder
summarizes the six basic components of human nutrition, the (Table 1). Thus it is expected that occurrence of diseases
pollution in Bangladesh. On the other hand, Table 2 shows is recently observed by medical doctors of Dhaka Medical
range from 14 to 18 g/100 g raw edible parts; vitamin A content more than 500 people visit hospitals in Bangladesh for diarrheal
of fish range from <100 µg RE (Retinol equivalents) in most disease caused by unsafe foods (Ali, 2013b). This long diarrheal
as 2680 µg RE). Among minerals, iron content of fish ranges been a significant cause of malnutrition in Bangladesh for the
content range from 476 mg to 1171 mg/100 g edible parts (Roos situation in Bangladesh revealed that about 2 lakh (0.2 million)
± 6% from small fish and 22 ± 6% from milk (Larsen et al., the study to reduce the increased occurrence of cancer. Among
In addition, data shown in Tables 1–3 show that foods main carcinogenic or cancer causing agents are formalin, coal
of the necessary daily dietary intake (Tables 1, 3). In the same and Mahin, 2014; Nasreen and Ahmed, 2014). Occurrence of
way, milk powder, ghee etc are being adulterated which are diarrhea has increased from 11 to 14% from 2011 to 2014
important sources of minerals etc. The risk assessment section Table 1 (Khan, 2004; Health Bulletin, 2013/2014; Farooque,
Bangladesh by 6.8% from 2012 to 2013 (Health Bulletin,
2013/2014). 3.48% of total deaths in Bangladesh were Two main groups of chemicals, toxic metals and persistent
Table 1). organic pollutants (POPs; Voutsas et al., 2002). Thus they do
Around 13% increment of Asthma patients and 14% not have well developed specific detoxification and excretion
with formalin, toxic colors, brick dust etc. (Table 1) as those Additionally, the metals are not degradable because they
in Table 4 based on their concentrations in water and food, 1995). Recently reported bio-magnification factors varied
(ADI = 0.0002 mg/Kg), and lead (ADI = 0.05 mg/Kg) are such as laboratory experiments, bio-kinetic modeling, and
Pesticides such as Aldrin (ADI = 0.03 mg/Kg), chlordane (ADI transfers, a widely used terminology in bio-magnification,
= 0.0005 mg/Kg), and heptachlors (ADI = 0.0001 mg/Kg) are explain the passage of a contaminant through food chains as
such as formalin (ADI = 0.0001 mg/Kg), have significant from diet (dietary accumulation), or from a combination of
Table 4 is not based on Bangladesh standard rather tabulated from both water and dietary uptake pathways (Boroughs et al.,
Agency (US EPA, 2012). This table also emphasizes the need for meet the definition of bio-magnification when TTFs exceeding
Chemical concentration in the organism, Cb has been found in mean concentration of 0.03 mg/l in Turag
organisms, Ca fishes (Shamsuzzoha, 2002). The relevant mean concentration

Methods (brief)

Toxic colors/Textile dyes NA* Sleeping disorder, asthma, indigestion, Sweets, chilli powder, jilapi, beguni, piyaju
have not been developed in commercial levels because of and iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) to
of fish are marketed and distributed in the city every day. detected in the fish samples indicates the possibility of
8 Sodium benzoate Natamax A natural antimycoticpolyene macrolide produced by fermentation of Oostendorp, 1981
Dhaka city. These information have been collected from certain shown in Table 2 where foods are categorized and arranged in an
vegetables. Thus, the food items shown in Table 2 (milk, fruits, of heptachlor (pesticides) have been detected in fish samples
(5) An extensive risk analysis has been performed for certain NM, Formulated the topic/idea, collected information,
elements have been classified through various exposure article. MR, Collected information, assisted in research,
routes and calculated for healthy adults as well as for infants, crosschecked information. MA, Collected information, assisted
pregnant woman and elderly people. Quantification of in research. HA, conceived the idea, collected and cross
Conference on Systems Dynamics Society (Cambridge, MA). Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in adult total diet samples,
samples from several districts in Bangladesh. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. to Your Cooking. She Knows Chef Mom. Available online at: http://chefmom.
Meylan, W. M., Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., Aronson, D., Printup, hexabromocyclododecaneflame retardants in herring gulls in the polar bear
12128 Detection of formalin in fish samples collected from Dhaka City, Bangladesh.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised