Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

cyanobacteria, as biofertilizer is atmospheric N ﬁxation and chemical based N fertilizers since less than 5% of N content in
cytokinins content ranged between 0.29 nmol g-1 DW and 21.40 accumulate low molecular weight signaling molecules such as
microalgae cytokinins could be attributed to the free radical and catasterone. The brassinosteroid contents ranged from 117.3 pg
2021). The total concentration of GAs in microalgae range between 3 response to various inductive signals such as mechanical wound,
for GA15 in Scotiellopsis terrestris (Stirk et al., 2013a). It has been of the host plants by a broad range of pathogens (Santner et al., 2009).
produce polysaccharides that are secreted to the surrounding medium cyanobacteria range up to 63% with AAs contents constituting
and termed as exopolysaccharides (EPS) (Parwani et al., 2021). between 40% and 48% of total proteins (Hempel et al., 2012;
(Dehghanian et al., 2022). In addition to abiotic stress, phenolic acids content of the biomass ranged between 0.73% to 1.46% w/w with
herbivory (Dehghanian et al., 2022). Phenolic acids and derivatives freshwater oleaginous microalga Botryococcus braunii (1.45 - 1.46%
such as hydroxycinnamate conjugates and hydroxycoumarins are w/w) (Tibbetts et al., 2015). The Ca content ranged between 0.1% to
produced during infections from phytopathogens (Kumar et al., 2.9% w/w with highest content observed in Tetraselmis chuii (2.99%
2020). Microalgal polyphenols and ﬂavonoids are less explored w/w) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2.91% w/w) followed by
compared to the other metabolites in them. The total polyphenol Porphyridium cruentum (2.06% w/w) (Tibbetts et al., 2015; Di Lena
content of microalgae ranged between 0.16 mg gallic acid equivalent et al., 2020). The K content was highest in Phaeodactylum
(GAE) g-1 in Neochloris spp., to 60 mg GAE g-1 in Nostoc. spp., while tricornutum (2.4% w/w) and other microalgae species containing K
ﬂavonoids ranged between 0.84 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE) g-1 in ranging from 0.7% w/w to 1.8% w/w (Tibbetts et al., 2015; Di Lena
observed among different microalgae species (Del Mondo (1.3% w/w - 1.5% w/w) in comparison to Chlorella (0.049% w/w) and
et al., 2021). Ca content ranging between 0.59% and 0.89% w/w (Tokuşoglu and
PUPCCC 410.5, Synechocystis spp., and Galdieria sulphuraria are as Zn, Mn and Cu ranged between 1.5 mg to 13 mg 100g-1 (Tokuşoglu
and 41 mg g-1 while niacin ranged from 0.13 to 0.28 mg g-1 DW
2022). Similarly, priming of seeds of vegetable crops such as tomato, nutrients in irrigation systems) process or through aerial sprays which
Agricultural and agro-industrial wastes such as bagasse, peat, wheat derived from microalgae is presented in Table 1.
replacing the chemical NPK fertilizers. The available reports enhanced abiotic/biotic stress tolerance (Table 1). This observation
fertilizers albeit with a savings of N fertilizer to the tune of 50% and ﬂavonoids which function as plant defense molecules
TABLE 1 Methods of application of microalgae biostimulants and their effect on plants.
TABLE 1 Continued
TABLE 1 Continued
decrease in global crop productivity by -5% per °C (Lobell and constitute cuticular wax of leaves (Rachidi et al., 2020). Mutale-Joan
regulation of phytohormones, accumulation of osmolytes, de novo Chlorella vulgaris extracts at 5% v/v strength alleviated drought stress
compounds are listed in Table 2 and Figure 3. microbial and biochemical; and microalgae derived bio pesticides
TABLE 2 Microalgae mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
TABLE 2 Continued
TABLE 2 Continued
chitobiosidase, Endoglucanase – b-1,3 glucanase), polyphenol in Table 3 and the mode of action is presented in Figure 3.
Anabaena spp., led to a 10% to 15% reduction in damping-off disease (Sharma et al., 2013; Smetana et al., 2017). This warrants
TABLE 3 Biotic stress tolerances imparted by microalgae.
• Disease reduction by 55.1% – 66.5% • Major fungicidal compounds
25.4% reduction of the infected leaf b-N acetylhexosamindase, chitin-1,4-
TABLE 3 Continued
disadvantages include contamination of culture, low biomass microalgae culture has asolids content of less than 1%, (approximately
conditions (Tan et al., 2020). Photo bioreactors offer better control between 15% and 25% solids content for further downstream
stage process of initial concentration to 2% to 3% solids content day-1) (Silva et al., 2015). The lower sustainability quotient with

Methods (brief)

expensive (Woods et al., 2010). Further, the increasing consumer biomolecules such as N-ﬁxing enzymes, soluble AAs, bio-mineral
promoters and fertilizers. Despite enormous research on the biomolecules such as soluble AAs, phenolic compounds,
namely seed treatments, foliar spray and soil drenching. Although few formation of heterocysts, secretion of hydrophobic AAs, and
2.1.3 Enhancing micronutrient bioavailability compounds, terpenoids, polysaccharides and AAs (Ronga et al.,
Biostimulants are compounds other than fertilizers that enhance (IAA) and soluble AAs secreted by cyanobacteria have been identiﬁed
sugars from polysaccharides could be recognized by the receptors on AAs obtained from microalgae have been reported to enhance crop
signaling cascades by (i) activation of Ca2+ inﬂux, (ii) stimulation hydrolysates and AAs are nutrient mobilization into plants through
enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase Additionally, these AAs play a critical role in abiotic stress mitigation
phenolic and secondary metabolites that act as defense molecules AAs and protein hydrolysates enhanced the plant growth
produce polysaccharides that are secreted to the surrounding medium cyanobacteria range up to 63% with AAs contents constituting
Similarly, eukaryotic microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella Kumar et al., 2022c). High amounts of certain AAs like arginine
enhanced root and shoot formation (Guzmá n-Murillo et al., 2013; as betaines, AAs, vitamins, polyamines, (spermine and spermidine),
root drenched samples showed delayed expression of the enzymes at drought stress and salt stress is by an accumulation of osmolytes such
less energy intensive and can be directly incorporated into AAs and
char, (iv) anaerobic digestion of biomass to produce methane, (v) through enhanced water retention, improvement in soil cation
spectrum of AAs and carbohydrates that promoted plant growth Ultimate analysis of bio char and deoiled biomass revealed that
marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/biostimulant-market-1081. affect the widespread use of biofertilizers (Kaminsky et al., 2019).
extracts rich in polysaccharides, AAs have been commercially used environmental ﬂuctuations and use of technology such as encapsulation

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised