Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions by Using

Overview

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Key numbers

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grave health risks associated with this element. A maximum limit of 0.05 mg/L for Cr(VI)
water in India is 0.05 mg/L, while for treated wastewater from industrial discharge, it is
The WHO (World Health Organization) states that 50 µg/L, is the standard for drink-
inhalation, or skin contact (60). The exposure of Cr(VI) can have a wide range of harmful
Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 occupational carcinogenic agent (67–70). A range of respiratory
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 40% or more of the food
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 40% or more of the food
produced is wasted (104). In terms of the creation of fruit and vegetable waste, India ranks
produced is wasted (104). In terms of the creation of fruit and vegetable waste, India ranks
capacity of 480.05 mg/g for a 400 mg/L initial Cr(VI) concentration. Pomegranate peel
the removal of Cr(VI); the maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be 90.50% by PG-B
in 30 min while PB demonstrated a 78.01% Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency at 60 min. These
reaching a maximum removal efficiency of 97.5% at the ideal pH of 2, 30 min of contact
of 2 g/L, the percentages of Cr(VI) removed were 97%, 21%, 0.9%, and 0.5%, respectively.
rate of 83.57% for chromium.
for the sorption of Cr(VI), and they reported a 54% elimination of Cr(VI). In contrast,
An orange peel, a typical fruit waste, was used as a biosorbent by Khalfaoui et al. (139)
for each experiment. The conventional method yielded around 97.8% effective removal of
remove or reduce the toxicity of Cr (Table 1).
Table 1. Strategy for the remediation of Cr(VI) by waste material biomass.
1. Raspberry canes - Cr(VI) = 50 mg/L - ~95% (143)
1. Dried, crushed Initial Cr(VI) 379.6 78.6%
1. heterophyllus Dried, crushed pH = 8, Adsorbent dose = 0.5 g/L, 0.19 95%
stenopetala seed Dried, ground Adsorbent dose = 20 g/L 90.9% by MSSP,
1. Magnolia leaf re-washed, re- Initial Cr(VI) 3.96 98.8% (148)
1. Banana Peel Washed, dried, _ 90 ~100% (154)
Kandasamy et al. (168) achieved an effective removal of 88.3%. For the effective removal of
tion, Kandasamy et al. (168) achieved an effective removal of 88.3%. For the effective re-
50% H ◦ for 24 h. Consequently, increasing the adsorbent’s surface area led to
powder at 5050%CH2 SO4 at 50 °C for 24 h. Consequently, increasing the adsorbent’s sur-
80%arearemoval rate80%
biomass material 2).biomass (Table
Table 2. Effective remediation of Cr(VI) using modified waste biomass.
1. Tea waste treatment of pH = 2 - 81.4%
1. Tea waste pH = 2 - 95.6% (178)
waste then NaOH, CS2 Adsorbent dose = 100 mg/L
Parboiled rice husk ash Initial Cr(VI) 90.9% by RHA,
chemically treated concentration = 5 mg/L 97.7% by RHAH+
1. Khalfaoui, A.; Meniai, A.H. Application of Chemically Modified Orange Peels for Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solutions.
1. Khalfaoui, A.; Bendjamaa, I.; Bensid, T.; Meniai, A.H.; Derbal, K. Effect of Calcination on Orange Peels Characteristics: Application
1. Suruchi, S.; Khanna, P.K. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Res.
1. Kumar, H.; Bhardwaj, K.; Sharma, R.; Nepovimova, E.; Kuča, K.; Dhanjal, D.S.; Kumar, D. Fruit and vegetable peels: Utilization of

Methods (brief)

of immunity, digestion, and antioxidant capacity in Channa asiatica as a result of Cr(VI)
by Baassou et al. (121) for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and obtained maximum chromium
1. Saravanan, A.; Kumar, P.S.; Yaashikaa, P.R.; Karishma, S.; Jeevanantham, S.; Swetha, S. Mixed biosorbent of agro waste and
1. Baassou, Z.; Benmahdi, F.; Reffas, A.; Benhaya, A. The effect of impregnation ratio and surface modification on the characteristics

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised