Toxicological Safety, Antimicrobial Efficacy, and Sensory

Overview

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Results: Muscovite contained high Al2O3 (30.46%) and SiO2 (49.29%), whereas biotite and phlogopite were enriched in Fe2O3
(43%) and MgO, supporting shimmer, color, and UV-protective properties. XRD confirmed high crystallinity and purity. Heavy
try enhancing visual appearance/texture of cosmetic formula- The samples were collected (n = 40) from the Brahmaputra
like fluoro-phlogopite (KMg3AlSi3O10F 2) owing to its increased fractions were separated from the samples by the shaking table.
(HNO3) and 10 mL perchloric acid (HClO4). Subsequently, the tests, for which a range of 90%–110% accordance was obtained,
samples were dried on the hot plate at 150°C–180°C until com- and RSD was kept below 5%. Also, routine analysis of reagent
on contamination (all glassware was cleansed with 10% nitric health risks, including heavy metal-contaminated particulate
(mg/kg/day); ADDinh = average daily dose caused by inhalation 2.4 | Assessment of Cancer Risk due to Heavy
PEF is the particle emission factor. dation acceptable cancer risks can generally be between 1 × 10 −6
TABLE 1 | Sensory testing parameters and scoring (5-point scale) for mica.
Skin feel Comfort after application (non-drying, non-irritating) 1 (irritating) → 5 (comfortable)
daily dose caused by dermal contact exposure (mg/kg/day); 2.7 | Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Assays
(commercial-grade mica) is used for comparison (Table 1). ple solution was introduced into the wells. As a control, 50 μL of
either 0.5 mL for liquids or 0.5 g for solids—is applied in a single (Pro-9). Significant differences between mean values were as-
and one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for more than two TABLE 2 | Chemical composition (%) of muscovite, phlogopite, and
Muscovite, phlogopite, and biotite micas display notable Al2O3 30.459 17.092 18.292
of Al2O3 (30.459%) and SiO2 (49.293%), along with a significant
amount of K 2O (11.3993%). These values are indicative of its or-
43%) and MgO, measured at 5.7212% and 6.7012%, respectively CaO 0.3465 1.0065 1.1065
as component stability enhancement (Table 2). SrO — 0.0086 0.0096
and phlogopite are similar, small differences in peak intensity pite samples are shown in Table S1. The values of HQ obtained for
Mg composition (25). These structural dispositions correlate is taken as the acceptable limit for non-carcinogenic effects (27).
results are summarized in Table 3. According to Li et al. (31),
carcinogenic health risk. Additionally, the inhalation exposure acceptable or tolerable. If CR > 1 × 10 −4, it indicates an unaccept-
further support for a finding of minimal dermal risk. The lower otite, and phlogopite samples (as presented in Table 3) were
As shown in Table 3, calculated values for Hazard Index (HI) with assertion for applicability in this segment. These analyses align
previous studies, the exposure to these minerals from the cosmetic recorded in Table 4. Here, Codes A, B, and C represent river
TABLE 3 | Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of studied mica for cosmetic applications.
(3.95–4.0) and visual finish (3.95–4.0). Schist and muscovite (A) imal model, rat)) (Table 5).
TABLE 4 | Sensory evaluation of our developed mica and commercial mica.
Attribute Code Score out of 5.0 (%) CV LSD value Level of sign. Remarks
Note: The means with same superscripts within a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05.
ity are of utmost importance. (Table 6). Meanwhile, the muscovite sample was moderately ac-
TABLE 6 | Zone of inhibition (mm) of biotite/phlogopite and muscovite against various bacterial strains.
Supporting Information section. Table S1: Non-carcinogenic and car-

Methods (brief)

Methods: The chemical composition, crystallographic structure, and heavy metal content of mica samples were analyzed using
X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were eval-
a luminous finish. All samples were non-irritant (PII = 0.00). Biotite and phlogopite exhibited moderate antibacterial activity
lipsticks, and nail polishes (2). This growth has to do mostly 2.1 | Sample Collection and Preparation
try enhancing visual appearance/texture of cosmetic formula- The samples were collected (n = 40) from the Brahmaputra
unparalleled. In addition, various high-performance formula- of Bangladesh (Figure 1). Air drying of the collected samples
like fluoro-phlogopite (KMg3AlSi3O10F 2) owing to its increased fractions were separated from the samples by the shaking table.
purified mica samples were performed to establish the chemi-
more stringent safety assessments (11, 12). Therefore, it has now trace element content of the mica samples. Elemental profiling
regulations. logical properties of the mica samples were characterized by
efficacy, and the ethics of sourcing these minerals responsibly Mica samples were analyzed for the concentrations of cadmium
of increasing demand for eco-friendly, nontoxic, and sustainable (Zn), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co)using Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS) (Varian, Australia) at the Institute of was applied, such as for cadmium analysis (Zeeman AAS) and
National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), BCSIR, arsenic quantification (SpectrAA AAS system).
For sample digestion, 10 g of sediment was weighed accurately ration of calibration curves that were generated with certified
into pre-cleaned 250 mL glass beakers. Into each beaker was working standard solutions. All samples were measured in trip-
added a digestion mixture of 20 mL concentrated nitric acid licate, and the accuracy was also confirmed by spike recovery
samples were dried on the hot plate at 150°C–180°C until com- and RSD was kept below 5%. Also, routine analysis of reagent

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised