Health Risk Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Infant Nutrition Formula in Cross

Overview

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Key numbers

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Arsenic was less than 0.001mgkg-1 across all the five (5) brands. Cadmium concentration ranged between 0.010 - 0.052
mgkg-1, and it was detected in all the samples. Cobalt ranged between 0.002 - 0.010 mgkg-1, and it was detected in 3 out
of the 5 samples. Chromium concentration ranged between 0.002 - 0.004 mgkg-1 was detected in 4 out of the 5 samples
or brands of infant formula studied. Lead amount ranged between 0.080 - 0.014 mgkg-1 and was less than 0.001 mgkg-1 in
Nigeria were bought from the main (Watt) market in The results of the analysis are presented in Tables 1
The samples were coded and labeled V, W, X, Y and and discussed.The results in Table 1above revealed
preparation for heavy metals analysis in line with the concentration ranged between 0.010 - 0.052 mgkg-1,
heated at 90 oC for about 2 hours; the beaker was brands sampled, and its amount ranged between 0.080
𝐷𝐼𝑉𝑥𝐶𝑚 0.1ppm. Also, Lead concentration in infant formula
Where DIV is the daily intake of vegetable in kg/day, and Saudi Arabia by Khalifa and Ahmed ( 2010)
Cm is the concentration of pollutant (heavy metal) in which are (0.384±0.22) and (0.018±0.02) ppm
Table 1: Heavy metals concentration in selected infant formula foods in Nigeria in mgkg-1
Note: Values reported in Mean ± Standard deviation with N=3
Table 2: Target Hazard Quotients some Heavy metals in selected Infant formula foods in Nigeria
shown in Table 2 was all less than 1 except for 7
undertaken. THQ values of less than 1 portrays that no edible vegetables in Obanliku Urban Area of
Acknowledgement: The authors appreciate the Duffus, JH (2002). Heavy metal- a meaningless term?

Methods (brief)

and labeled V, W, X, Y and Z respectively. The samples were digested in the fume cupboard using aqua regia and analyzed
for heavy metals using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentration of
mgkg-1, and it was detected in all the samples. Cobalt ranged between 0.002 - 0.010 mgkg-1, and it was detected in 3 out
of the 5 samples. Chromium concentration ranged between 0.002 - 0.004 mgkg-1 was detected in 4 out of the 5 samples
2 brands out of the five brands sampled. These results are low and within the permissible limits of WHO. The Target
Sample Collection and Preparation: Five (5) brands of 0.003 and 0.0035 mgkg-1 respectively IRIS (2011).
Chemistry Department Laboratory, University of samples (Infant formula foods) and their
The samples were coded and labeled V, W, X, Y and and discussed.The results in Table 1above revealed
mgkg-1 across all the five (5) brands sampled. This
Samples Digestion: the samples were digested implies that its amount in the infant formula brands is
following one of the procedures for sample insignificant and negligible at the moment. Cadmium
methods of the Association of Official Analytical and it was detected in all the samples. Cobalt ranged
Chemists (AOAC) as follows: ‘2.0 g of each sample between 0.002 - 0.010 mgkg-1, and it was detected in
(infant formula) powder was weighed into a clean dry 3 out of the 5 samples. Chromium was detected in 4
beaker in a fume cupboard. 20 mL of aqua regia out of the 5 samples or brands of infant formula
3:1) was added to the sample in the beaker’. The 0.002 - 0.004 mgkg-1. Lead was less than 0.001 in 2
heated at 90 oC for about 2 hours; the beaker was brands sampled, and its amount ranged between 0.080
Element Analysis: the samples were analyzed for As, related study in USA, UK and Nigeria by Abua et al.

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised