exposure to carcinogenic

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland, 6 National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy,
• Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 9 Regional
• project evaluated joint effects for some occupational lung exposed (categorised as 1-5%, 5-30%, >30%), and the intensity of
• cadmium, chromium (VI), and nickel produces combined and calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). All
• the two metals/metalloids comprised the reference category. Table 1 provides details on the study population. Overall, 2861
• metalloids were evaluated on both multiplicative and additive majority of men (77.1% of cases, 73.7% of controls). The median
• scales using the interaction odds ratio (IR) and the relative excess age at enrolment was 61 for both cases (interquartile range: 53-68)
• risk due to interaction (RERI), respectively; 95% confidence and controls (54-68). As expected, cigarette smoking, especially
• intervals for interaction metrics including the null values (IR = 1 categories of pack-years shown in Table 1, compared to never
• In addition, exploratory analyses were conducted on combined was 2.3% for arsenic, 3.5% for cadmium, 8.7% for chromium (VI)
• exposure to three and four metals/metalloids, using subjects and 4.9% nickel. lifetime occupational exposure prevalence for
• regression models were similar to those described above for the the group of male controls, 11.4% was ever exposed to chromium,
• pairwise comparisons. These analyses were considered exploratory 6.4% to nickel, 3.9% to cadmium, 1.7% to arsenic and 14.0% to any
• Different approaches were also explored for the categorisation metals/metalloids under study are reported in Table 2. The highest
• metal exposure. Given the relatively low number of subjects exposed chromium (VI) and nickel. In particular, 68% of controls exposed to
• to the different combinations of toxic metals/metalloids, no cadmium and 73% of controls exposed to nickel were also exposed
• TABLE 3 Odds ratio of lung cancer for exposure to pairwise combinations of toxic metals/metalloids.
• N % N % Value 95% CI Value 95%CI
• metalloids are reported in Table 3. For both combined exposure to category comprised only subjects not exposed to any of the four
• arsenic and cadmium (IR = 1.19 (95%CI=0.55-2.58), RERI = 0.49 metals included in this analysis yielded results very similar to those
• (95%CI=-0.91-1.88)), and to arsenic and chromium (VI) (IR = 1.29 of the primary analysis: as an example, the OR for the combined
• (95%CI=0.63-2.64), RERI = 0.56 (95%CI=-0.04-0.30)), the OR were exposure to arsenic and chromium (VI) were 1.33 (95% CI 0.83-
• greater than the products of the OR of individual metals/metalloids 2.15), 1.27 (95% CI 1.03-1.56) and 2.16 (95% CI 1.28-3.64) for
• metal were in the order 1.2-1.4, the OR for combined exposure four metals/metalloids are reported in Supplementary Table 1. As
• For cadmium and chromium (VI) (IR = 0.86 (95%CI=0.45- none, was 2.44 (95% CI 1.03-5.75), based on 20 cases and 9 controls.
• 0.61), RERI =-0.15 (95% CI=-1.12-0.83) and chromium (VI) and The results of the sensitivity analysis in which each interaction
• nickel (IR = 0.62 (95% CI = 0.34-1.18, RERI = -0.59 (95% CI=-1.28- term was adjusted for exposure to other carcinogens are reported in
• the interaction metrics for these pairs were statistically significant. regression models (Table 3).
• review & editing. VJ: Data curation, Writing – review & editing. CY: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1

Methods (brief)

• of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland, 6 National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy,
• Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 9 Regional
• United Kingdom (UK), which collected detailed lifetime quantitatively based on measurements of the agent in the
• interaction analysis; these analyses suggested potential multi-metal overall sample size was large, the number of subjects exposed to
• limited by small sample sizes, consistent with our observation that precision for analyses of three- or four-metal co-exposures, and

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Cadmium
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.