Overview
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Key numbers
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- these were below the detection limit in Kotalipara upazila. The water quality index revealed that roughly 61.0% of samples
- of Kashiani upazila were of poor quality. However, about 96.0% of samples of Kotalipara upazila were of excellent quality.
- index. In Kashiani, almost 85.0% of samples were elevated chronic risks for adults and 100.0% of the samples were very
- high chronic risks for children. In Kotalipara, all the samples (almost 100%) were suggested to have a lower chronic risk
- malla and Qian 2022; Rahman et al. 2023). About 97.0% Gopalganj (Shammi et al. 2012, 2016), and Barguna and
- of the water on earth is somewhat saline, while just 3.0% is Patuakhali (Islam et al. 2017; Shamsuzzoha et al. 2019).
- 67.0% is frozen in ice caps and glaciers, 30.0% is thawed as close to the coastlines, salinity has freshly been observed in
- GW and only 3% is in surface water (Al-Barakah et al. 2017; some parts of the surface water systems (Shammi et al. 2012,
- potable water (Sardar et al. 2017; Shaibur 2022; Shaibur (Flanagan et al. 2012). Iron and Mn are the most widespread
- responsible for lots of diseases (Adimalla et al. 2020). Heavy cause disease if ingested beyond the acceptable limits (Rah-
- is accountable for 80.0% of all diseases in developing coun- trations has detrimental effects on target organs such as the
- is largely dry (Iftakher et al. 2015; Islam et al. 2017). The (AR grade; 60–61% and density; 1.38 kg L−1) to protect the
- ern region (Rahman et al. 2018). River pathways transport analysis is mentioned in Table 1. The maps were created by
- sea level. Gopalganj is made up of 30% active low Ganges reported (Shaibur and Howlader 2020).
- Floodplain, 41% Gopalganj-Khulna Beels, and 1% others. Estimation of human health risks
- Table 1 Methods and instruments used for the determination of parameters of water samples. The water samples were collected from the unions
- major importance in WQ assessment. Other parameters such (5) unsuitable for human consumption on the basis of WQI
- as turbidity, pH, EC, Na, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu were assigned a values as mentioned in Table 3.
- standard value, and calculated Wi are mentioned in Table 2.
- Table 2 Relative weight (Wi) Parameters Unit BNDWQS standard Weight (wi) Relative Weight
- Table 3 Water quality classification for drinking purposes based on Table 4 Toxicity response of trace metals for the RfD and SF
- sented in Table 4. where HQ = hazard quotient, CDI = chronic daily intake, and
- The calculation for non‑carcinogenic risk for the RfD are presented in Table 4. For non-carcinogenic
- involvement of intake where HQ is unit less. The RfD is the assessment scales are presented in detail in Table 5.
- risk-based concentration table (USEPA 2001). To appraise
- HI = HQ1 + HQ2 + … … + HQn (7) NTU of which the mean value was 1.58 NTU, indicating that
- (1) Negligible Risk: where the HI or HQ is < 0.1, (2) Low correspondingly (WHO 2011; Table 6). The EC values are
- Risk: where the HI or HQ is ≥ 0.1–< 1.0, (3) Moderate Risk: assorted from 490.0 to 3060.0 µS cm−1 of which the mean
- Risk: where the HI or HQ is ≥ 4.0 (Table 5). value of EC in drinking water is 300.0–1500.0 µS cm−1 and
- pH assorted from 7.20 to 7.74, and the mean value was
- High - Dose Exposure Risk = 1 − exe(−CDI×SF) (9) was 1530.0 mg L−1, and the mean value was 473.07 mg L−1.
- sented in Table 4. If the obtained value is > 0.01, only then lower dissolved elements in the GW. Nitrate concentration
- the Eq. (9) is considered. The acceptable stage was consid- in the water samples varied from 0.20 to 1.3 mg L−1, and
- ered at ≤ 1 × 10−6, which means on average, the probability the mean value was 0.60 mg L−1. Similarly, NH4+ concentra-
- is that approximately 1 person in 1,000,000 will develop tion varied from 0.21 to 1.28 mg L−1 with a mean value of
- Table 5 Scales for chronic and Risk level HQ/HI Chronic risk Calculated cancer occurrence Cancer risk
- Table 6 Descriptive statistics Parameter Unit Min Max Mean Med SD Standard value
- were not many industries present in Kashiani and Kotalipara from 0.024 to 0.428 mg L−1 in which the mean value was
- of drinking water quality. The concentrations of Mn, Cu, 0.01 mg L−1 (Table 6). It was believed that the Ganges River
- of Kashiani ranged from 0.14 to 2.95 mg L−1 in which the by the branch river Madhumati, and As might be deposited
- mean value was 1.22 mg L−1. The Bangladesh permissi- beside the bank of the Madhumati river or might be distrib-
- rally occurring, e.g., from weathering of Fe-bearing miner- 0.23 to 0.86 NTU with a mean value of 0.56 NTU, indicat-
Methods (brief)
- these were below the detection limit in Kotalipara upazila. The water quality index revealed that roughly 61.0% of samples
- of Kashiani upazila were of poor quality. However, about 96.0% of samples of Kotalipara upazila were of excellent quality.
- index. In Kashiani, almost 85.0% of samples were elevated chronic risks for adults and 100.0% of the samples were very
- high chronic risks for children. In Kotalipara, all the samples (almost 100%) were suggested to have a lower chronic risk
- aptness of water for drinking purposes (Ochuko et al. 2014). composed samples of Kashiani and Kotalipara upazila. The
- ical location of Kashiani and Kotalipara upazila is between sample collection. Samples were put in 250 mL untainted
- Ocean’s Southwest monsoon season (Islam et al. 2018). sampling. The samples were composed after pumping the
- tion. In this region, there were three primary weather sea- of the samples to be steady state. Some parameters, e.g.,
- (June–October), and mild winter (November–February). As sampling points. Prior to storing the samples in the refrigera-
- Gopalganj district has an average annual precipitation of samples from being complexes of trace metals. Finally, the
- approximately 1620 mm, with temperatures ranging from acid-treated samples were stored at 4° C in the refrigerator
- 2011). Four rivers flow through the district, namely the methodologies of sample analysis were freshly described
- plex combination of freshwater and tidal flows in the South- c, f; Sarwar et al. 2020). The customary method of sample
- ered by thick sandy clay deposition (Khan et al. 2011). The solution was performed after the analysis of 7–8 samples
- trict has an apparent magnitude of fewer than 2.0 m above on the sample’s location and depth of DTW was recently
- Sample collection and analysis ces, and quantifying the health effects of exposure (Ni et al.
- Kotalipara upazila) water samples were collected from hand risk characterization was repeatedly used to recognize human
- tube wells (Fig. 1). The designed samples were collected health risks (Ma et al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2018). Up to now,
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