Ecotoxicology (2016) 25:80–90

Overview

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(per 4 m2), and their total coverage exceeded 90 %. The changed dramatically under the influence of soil contami-
2004; Baker et al. 2010; Baumbach 2012). Other metal- measurements, the levels of particular heavy metals ranged
vegetation can be difficult to assess in these types of works, grassland, namely: (1) in what range of the soil concen-
the Middle Ages (Stefanowicz et al. 2014). In our recent and the range of the average annual rainfall is
Prior to statistical analyses, the variables (properties of the Festuco-Brometea class (Table 1). This community
0–1 scale in order to achieve homogeneity of variances (N = 38). Its most dominant species was the metal-tolerant
kal–Wallis test, in case of violation of the assumptions of vegetation cover (Table 1). The Festuco-Brometea plants
soil variables and obtain a small number of uncorrelated stress-tolerators (Table 1). The members of this commu-
value (1). Factors were used together with the distance had fully closed vegetation (Table 1). It contained an
Grassland vegetation of old mining heaps tors such as woody plants was the highest (Table 1).
Rubus caesius variant, CBR). second axis explained 13.4 % (eigenvalue = 0.39) and
Table 1 Plant community
7.3 % (eigenvalue = 0.22) of the variation in the species the CB and CBR heaps were only slightly or moderately
(Table 2). The CBF heaps had large amounts of Cd, Pb highest on the CBF plots) and available P (the highest
both total and EDTA-extractable Cd, Pb and Zn. Factor 2
analysis. Diagram shows only important differential species (weight significantly with DFF. Table 4 shows the results of the
higher than 10 %): Achillea collina (Achcol), Agrostis stolonifera multiple regression analysis.
(Medfal), Peucedanum oreoselinum (Peuore), Phleum phleoides species (Table 5) showed that increasing heavy metal
common range of low and moderate levels of Cd, Pb and (DCA 1) in a similar way as heavy metals. Soil acidity and
were 11 CBF sites with a similar range of values (Fig. 3). determined the species composition (DCA 2). DFF had no
heavy metal contamination that could be responsible for Table 5, this variable was relevant to the few species:
of the soil to 6 factors explaining 83 % of the variance in the species composition of plant communities growing
CORGANIC (%) 4.39 ± 1.94 5.50 ± 3.20 4.69 ± 2.49
that the mean DFF was 28 m, which means that many CBR
Table 3 The results of the factor analysis of soil properties (see Table 2 for explanation of variables)
the Rubus caesius variant (CBR), according to Chytrý (2007), and other frequent plants (recorded in at least 30 % of sites). Significant
J Range Forage Sci 28:149–154 preferences of colonizing plant species in long-term spontaneous

Methods (brief)

relatively small areas (Simon 1978; Brown 1994; Strand- considered as independent samples.
Vegetation was sampled during the 2012 and 2013 growing kowski 2008), life forms (Raunkiaer 1934), and vegetation
plant species for each plot was estimated on a five-degree Prior to the analysis, soil samples were sieved (2 mm
tographs. In July, three topsoil samples were taken from Kjeltabs (K2SO4 ? CuSO45H2O; Foss Tecator Digestor
sample. The three sampling spots were at the edge of the pseudo-total (hereafter referred to as ‘‘total’’) and EDTA
et al. (2004), and averaged per plot. All heaps were posi- flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian 220 FS).
after digestion in hot HClO4. Available (Olsen) phosphorus (CB) was found on 13 heaps. It was strongly dominated by
gangue in the sampled soil. Other factors represented
Fig. 2 DCA ordination diagram of 65 vegetation samples. Different DFF and six factors representing soil properties were pre-
samples) with CB sites to identify the factors other than species composition (DCA 1 and DCA 2). According to
minerals in soil samples). The importance of this factor in sites were adjacent to forest), since it can inhibit the ger-

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised