Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Concentration concentration (mg/kg dry weight) of Cd (26.11-26.34), Pb (17-33.84) in all
- Vegetables children, and Hg (1.727 for children) exceeded the safe limit (<1). The health
- 90-96% of industries in the city lack any form of treatment facilities, allowing them to discharge wastes into
- The mean concentration (mg/kg dry weight) of Cr (109.51), Cd (3.14), Pb (129.7), and Zn (148.28)
- in Akaki River sediment (9). The median heavy metal concentration in mg/L of Akaki Rivers water was Pb
- for irrigation purposes (10). According to (9), the average concentration of Lead (Pb): 0.775 mg/L, Chromium
- (Cr): 1 mg/L, Cadmium (Cd): 0.075 mg/L, Nickel (Ni): 0.425 mg/L and Zinc (Zn): 5.75 mg/L in Akaki Rivers
- all of which were above respective FAO permissible limit for irrigation (0.1 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.2
- were analytical reagent grade. HNO3 (65%), H2O2 (30%), and HClO4 (70%) were used for digestion. Stock
- standard solutions of 1000 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb, As, and Hg were used to prepare all calibration curves by
- solution was prepared by mixing HNO3 (65%), HClO4 (70%), and H2O2 (30%) in a volume ratio of 5:2:2 and
- addition, the method was evaluated by a spike recovery test, and the mean recovery rate was 90.5% (13). Stock
- within their expiration date. Each vegetable sample was analyzed in hexaplicate (n = 6), and the mean
- Where, RFD is reference oral dose values which are 1×10-3, 4×10-3, 1.5, 5×10-4, and 3×10-4 (mg/kg/d) for Cd,
- The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, and descriptive analysis was used to calculate the mean
- and standard deviation of concentration of heavy metals in the samples at a 95% confidence interval, and One-
- 3.1. Heavy metal contents in vegetable samples
- The mean concentration with SD of Cd, Cr, Pb, As, and Hg in hexaplicate (n = 6) samples of beetroot,
- Table 1. The mean concentration of Cd ranged from (17 to 33.84 mg/kg), which was higher than the
- recommended limit (0.2 mg/kg) (17). This is likely due to cadmium accumulation in plants through
- Cd (19). The concentration of Cd in all vegetable samples was greater than (6.03 and 6.43 mg/kg) in tomato
- All vegetable samples had around 26 mg/kg of lead concentration, which was by far above the
- areas. The mean concentration of Cd and Pb was also significantly higher than the concentration of Cd: (1.06
- The concentration (mg/kg) of Hg in beetroot (0.124), potato (0.025) and tomato (0.047) samples were a
- little bit exceeded the stipulate limit, 0.02 mg/kg (21). It was accumulated more in beetroot, which might be due
- concentration of Hg (3.430 and 4.230 mg/kg) in tomato and cabbage samples collected from Koka areas
- respectively investigated by (15). Chromium (Cr) concentration was below the detection limit (<0,001 mg/kg)
- and within safe limit (2.3 mg/kg) set by WHO/FAO (23). Chromium can be found in Cr (III) and Cr (VI) forms.
- (0.1 mg/kg) (23), because the rivers might not be contaminated with arsenic which likely due to absence of mining
- into their leaves (21). The mean concentration of Pd was not significantly different across vegetable samples.
- This might be due to all vegetables had equivalent absorption and accumulation rate for Pb (17). The mean
- ANOVA). This might be due to Cd and Pb are not equally absorbed and translocated by all vegetables (19).
- Figure 2 as presented Cd and Pb concentration variation with in and across vegetables.
- Table 1. Heavy metals concentration in vegetable samples
- Figure 2. Cd and Pb concentration variation with in and across vegetables
- intakes were Cd and Pb by children with all studied vegetables as showed in Table 2. This is due to their smaller
- doses (RFD) (question 2). If HRI<1, means that it is unlikely to going to pose a population health risk but HRI
- ≥ 1 means that the consumers are going to in pose to health risk (26). In this study, the estimated HRI for adults
- who consumed beetroot with Hg were above safe limit as shown in Table 2.
- Children faced higher health risk due to cadmium than adults Table 2. Consumption of cabbage by
- children posed the highest risk (140.96), likely because leafy vegetables accumulate more cadmium (27).
- (31), who assessed the potential health risk of heavy metals via consumption of rice and vegetables grown in
Methods (brief)
- Following the vegetable sample collection, a laboratory-based study was used
- Akaki Rivers in sample processing, digestion, and heavy metal detection. Mean
- Health risk samples, and Hg (0.124) in beetroot exceeded the permissible limits set by
- cabbage, potato, and tomato samples irrigated by the Akaki Rivers and (2) evaluate the potential human health
- Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) novAA 800 was used to measure the concentration of Cd, Cr,
- Pb, As and Hg in vegetable samples. AAS is a quantitative analytical instrument used to identify approximately
- sample. The atoms absorb light from a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) energy source, and the reduction in light
- intensity detected is proportional to the concentration of the element in the sample (11). All chemicals used
- were analytical reagent grade. HNO3 (65%), H2O2 (30%), and HClO4 (70%) were used for digestion. Stock
- diluting to known concentrations (12). Distilled water was used for sample preparation and dilution purposes
- 2.3. Sample collection and preparation
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) samples were collected from farmlands irrigated by the Akaki Rivers
- in dry months (January and February). A total of twenty-four samples, twelve from each of the Great and Little
- Akkaki River sites, and six samples for each vegetable type were selected and collected by a stratified random
- sampling method. Sub-samples as a representative fraction of the vegetables were used to prepare each of the
- samples in a composite sample form (5).
- Samples were washed with tap water to remove soil and other dirt and rinsed with distilled water to
- remove adsorbed elements. The samples were cut into small pieces and dried using the dry oven (Memmert
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Update history
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