Nutritional Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Exposure to

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

number of pets in Spain has increased by 40%. At present, the census of dogs exceeds that
In the EU, the annual growth rate of the pet food industry has increased 2.6%
and 70.4% of dog and cat food, respectively (5). The III Edition of the Annual Study on
and vanadium reach, at least, 50% of the reference toxic value for cat and dog food samples.
The complete list of elements is as follows (Supplementary Materials, Table S1): copper,
Pure standards of elements in 5% HNO3 solution were purchased from CPA Chem
standard solution, 2.5 mL of nitric acid (65%) and 7.5 mL of Milli-Q water were added to
obtained ranged from 87 to 118% for toxic and essential elements. Linear calibration curves
the instrumental LOQ by the dilution factor (1:10 v:v). LODs and LOQs are included in
Supplementary Materials, Table S1.
over time—(28) were taken into account. For REEs and MEs, TRV was set at 61 µg/kg
tentially toxic elements—in pelleted dry food for dogs and cats are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
cording to the mean price of each one (EUR 5.20 vs. EUR 2.53, p value < 0.01; and EUR
Table 1. Content of essential elements in pelleted dry food for dogs and cats, separated by commercial quality (based on
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; p25–p75, percentiles 25th and 75th of the distribution; n.s., non-significant. 1 Mean price of premium
Table 2. Content of toxic and potentially toxic elements in pelleted dry food for dogs and cats, separated by commercial
standard deviation; p25–p75, percentiles 25th and 75th of the distribution; n.s., non-significant. 1 Mean price of premium brands for dogs
dogs and cats (p value = 0.0037 and p < 0.0001, respectively; Table 1). Beyond some
cats (Table 2). No differences in the content of REEs and MEs, considered as a sum of 19
Supplementary Materials, Table S1.
In general terms, both types of food reached 100% of the DRV for iron, copper, sele-
food accounted for almost 300% of the required nutritional requirements. The intake of
dog food accounted for almost 300% of the required nutritional requirements. The intake
Our results have shown that arsenic and cadmium were close to 100% of the TRV while
mercury and lead reached 50% of the TRV. Recently it has been found that very little
included in this section (Supplementary Materials, Table S1). The evaluation of the acute
90% of dog andpotentially
content above the maximum tolerable level was around 100% (23). A similar profile was
vanadium is widely distributed in the earth’s crust (mean concentration ≈ 100 mg/kg)
wp-content/uploads/2019/12/VERSI%C3%93N-RESUMIDA-III-Edici%C3%B3n-Estudio-Anual-sobre-Mascotas-en-Espa%
C3%B1a-Tiendanimal-2019-PD.pdf?tduid=315a2411a184913cd4172dcca6d64082&utm_source=tradedoubler&utm_medium=

Methods (brief)

cats and dogs, respectively, were analyzed. After acidic microwave-assisted digestion, elements were
detected and quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In general, we
and vanadium reach, at least, 50% of the reference toxic value for cat and dog food samples.
retail outlets and supermarkets. All samples had an expiration date of more than 4 months
market. The average price, in EUR/kg, was calculated for each sample taking into account
established to separate the samples into two different groups: high–mid cost vs. low cost.
The present study did not include samples of bulk feed.
All the samples had national and/or international distribution, but none of the foods
were manufactured in Gran Canaria. The samples were stored in a dark and dry envi-
The samples were thoroughly mixed in their original package before proceeding.
Subsequently, the duplicate samples were mixed equally to form a single 30-g analysis
subsample. Each sample was manually homogenized in a mortar. Then, a total of 500 mg
All samples were then digested as follows: Step 1: a power (W), temperature (C),
200, and 8; Step 4: 1800, 200, and 7, as previously reported (24). The digested samples
diluted up to 15 mL with Mili-Q water. Three samples were taken from each digestion
vessel to obtain a triplicate measurement of each sample. A reagent blank, prepared as the
samples, was included every 14 samples in the analytical batch.
An Agilent 7900 ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo (Japan)) was employed for all

Implications

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Verification notes

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Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised