Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (2009) 2381–2388

Overview

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Received 20 April 2009 carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH, reducing power, chelating effect and scavenging effect (%) on the stable
M. conica, exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (78.66 ± 2.07%) when reacted with the ABTS+
Methanol and/or water extracts from common button (Agaricus vulgaris and M. esculenta scavenged DPPH radicals by 95% and
bisporus), shiitake (Lentinus edodes), straw (Volvariella volvacea), 94% at 180 lg/mL, respectively. At present, however, not many re-
countries such as France (Michelot et al., 1998), Czech Republic period of time (1–2-days). Extract yields (% dry weight of mushroom) of the mush-
UV-1601, Kyoto, Japan). Inhibition of free radical DPPH in percent (I%) was calcu-
I% ¼ 100 ðAControl ASample Þ=AControl
200 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of 1% potassium ferricynide
and the mixture was incubated at 50 °C for 20 min. Then, 2.5 ml of 10% trichloroace-
ized water and 0.5 ml of 0.1% ferric chloride. Finally the absorbance was measured
Fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms including Morchella rotunda, M. crassipes, Metal chelating effectð%Þ ¼ ½ðAControl ASample Þ=AControl 100
ABTSþ scavenging effectð%Þ ¼ ½ðAControl ASample =AControl Þ 100 0.50 for the all extracts. According to the results, the most active
ylene bottles until the analysis started. Deionized water (18.2 MX/cm) from a Milli- Table 4 shows the chelating effects of the methanolic extract of
All mineral acids and oxidants (HNO3 and H2O2) used were of the highest quality As can be seen from the table, chelating capacity of the extracts
ing, with contact, overnight in a 10% nitric acid solution and then rinsed with deion-
For digestion, CEM Mars 5 microwave closed system was used in this study. Antioxidant activity (%) of the mushroom species measured by b-carotene–linoleic
Sample (0.25 g) was digested with 9 mL of HNO3 (65%) and 1 ml of H2O2 (30%) in acid methoda.
shaken vigorously. After 3 min, a 3 ml of Na2CO3 (2%) solution was added and the Quercetin 96.22 ± 0.57 – –
2.11. Assay for total ﬂavonoids Scavenging effect (%) of the mushroom species on 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyla.
Arvouet-Grand et al. (1994). Brieﬂy, 1 ml of 2% aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) in 0.1 0.5 2.0 4.5
oxidant activities. As can be seen from Table 1, the most active
was exhibited by M. elata extract (94.37 ± 0.35%). M. crassipes – 0.103 ± 0.001 0.389 ± 0.017 0.862 ± 0.033
being able to scavenge more than 80% of the DPPH radical at con- umbrina
Table 4 522.00 mg kg1. When compared with aluminum, the amount of
Chelating effect (%) of the mushroom speciesa. nickel was much lower. It was ranged between 2.06 and
0.050 0.125 0.250 heavy metal was determined as Pb ranged between 0.26 and
M. elata 89.90 ± 0.81 95.54 ± 0.44 96.22 ± 0.37 As can be seen from the Table 8, M. conica found to have the high-
90% at 0.250 mg ml1 concentration. The most active mushrooms copy. The potential toxicity of prolonged mushroom intake seems
As can be seen from the Table 5, in 40 lg ml1 concentration, health promoting effects of mushroom consumption should be in
scavenging activity (78.66 ± 2.07%) when reacted with the ABTS+ The free radical linoleic acid attacks the highly unsaturated b-
in Table 6. According to the results, the most abundant elements (Nitha et al., 2007). According to the literature records; antioxi-
in this table (ranged between 0.08 and 1.47 mg kg1). et al., 2006; Nitha et al., 2007; Ramirez-Anguiano et al., 2007).
(Table 7). Amount of this metal was ranged between 62.00 and lenta, it has exhibited excellent activity patterns in b-carotene/lin-
oleic acid, reducing power, DPPH and metal chelating effect sys- (72.74 ± 0.26%) at 0.1 mg ml1. The methanolic extracts from other
tems (85.4–94.7% at 25 mg ml1 concentration; 0.97–1.02 at mushrooms showed a moderate increase in antioxidant activity,
been determined as 80–87% at different experimental concentra- 2008).
has been determined as 96.9%, approximately. The antioxidant M. angusticeps were higher than those of BHA (0.321 ± 0.014),
activity of this sample has been found as 82–96% at different con- BHT (0.163 ± 0.004) and quercetin (0.459 ± 0.004) at 0.02 mg ml1,
inhibition (Amarowicz et al., 2004). Table 2 summarizes the effec- arthritis (Halliwell et al., 1995). Ferrous ions, the most effective
radical scavenging effect (85.36± 2.19%) in the case of 4.5 mg ml1 selves abstract hydrogen and perpetuate the chain reaction of lipid
Table 8 tracts of mushrooms at all of concentration. At 0.05 mg ml1 con-
EDTA were found as 82.33 ± 1.25%, 88.08± 1.03%, 87.25 ± 0.15%,

Methods (brief)

among the samples. Flavonoid content of M. rotunda was also found superior (0.59 ± 0.01 lg QEs/mg
free radical action on, for instance, lipids or DNA (Vinson et al., edible mushrooms collected from Eskisßehir, Turkey. In addition,
room samples were 24.00%, 17.50%, 18.00%, 21.75%, 14.25%, 18.00%, and 11.25% (w/
matter amount, pH, metal concentrations in soil and fungal factors solved in 1 ml of chloroform (HPLC grade). 25 ll linoleic acid and 200 mg Tween
is that antioxidant activities of the mushrooms collected from Mu- radical solution in methanol (ﬁnal concentration of DPPH was 0.2 mM). The mixture
I% ¼ 100 ðAControl ASample Þ=AControl
elata Fr.: Fr., Morchella conica Pers.: Fr. and Morchella angusticeps cept the test compound) and ASample is the absorbance of the test compound. BHT,
Fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms including Morchella rotunda, M. crassipes, Metal chelating effectð%Þ ¼ ½ðAControl ASample Þ=AControl 100
collected from Mugla in 2005, Turkey and were authenticated based on their micro- where AControl is the absorbance of control (The control contains FeCl2 and ferrozine,
scopic and macroscopic characteristics by M. Halil Solak, Program of Fungi, Ula Ali complex formation molecules) and ASample is the absorbance of the test compound.
iceps MHS 8). The fruiting bodies of mushroom samples were divided into parts and
The air-dried fruiting bodies of mushroom samples (5 g) were extracted by stir- with phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4). Then, 1 ml of ABTS+ solution was added
ABTSþ scavenging effectð%Þ ¼ ½ðAControl ASample =AControl Þ 100 0.50 for the all extracts. According to the results, the most active
where AControl is the initial concentration of the ABTS+ and ASample is absorbance of mushroom was M. conica with an absorbance value of
The collected samples were cleaned, cut, dried at 105 °C for 24 h. Dried samples
ized water. For the elemental analysis, a Perkin-Elmer Optima 2000 ICP-OES was
For digestion, CEM Mars 5 microwave closed system was used in this study. Antioxidant activity (%) of the mushroom species measured by b-carotene–linoleic
Sample (0.25 g) was digested with 9 mL of HNO3 (65%) and 1 ml of H2O2 (30%) in acid methoda.

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Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised