Overview
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- Results Breastmilk samples were obtained from 256 lactating women. The mean breastmilk cadmium level was 0.34
- (SD: 0.33) μg / L and the mean EDI of cadmium via breastmilk was 0.059 (SD: 0.058) µg / kg per body weight / day.
- Breastmilk cadmium levels were quantified in 92.6% of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk samples, 13 (5.1%)
- calculated at a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) based on
- failure, demineralization of bones, and increased risk of The value of Z at 95% CI was 1.96; σ was the standard
- shop (living within 500 m of a paints shop was defined was 106%. The purity of the Aragon gas used in this study
- as near); living in a house with peeling or chipping house was 99.9990%. Thermo-Fisher Scientific’s isotope 111Cd
- tionnaire is provided as Supplementary Table S1. by the infants per 24 h (24). Equation (2) was used to
- were incubated overnight in 10% HNO3 to prevent the the variables that were statistically significant in the Stu-
- perature. To each 1 mL of breastmilk, 4 mL of 65% (v / v) tion factor values. In this study, statistical significance
- HNO3 and 2 mL of 30% (v / v) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was indicated by a P-value of < 0.05.
- Ethics Table 1 Demographic variables of the lactating women
- This study was conducted in adherence to the local and (n = 256)
- tating women were less than 30 years old (64.1%), had 12
- children (56.3%), age of child was six months and more
- (78.9%), resided in rural areas (52.7%), lived within 500 m
- of an industrial area (57.4%), reported low monthly
- income (68.4%), did not attend a university (87.9%), lived
- far from disposals of wastes (92.2%), frequently used cos-
- use vitamins frequently (61.7%). Of the lactating women,
- The mean breastmilk cadmium level in this study was University 31 12.1
- 0.34 (SD: 0.33) μg / L and the mean EDI of cadmium via Living in the vicinity of disposal of wastes
- (7.4%) of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk sam- Use of cosmetics
- ples, 13 (5.1%) had cadmium levels above those reported Less frequent (occasionally / rarely) 39 15.2
- Details of these associations are shown in Table 2. who were older than 30 years have a buildup of cadmium
- mium levels could be quantified in 92.6% of the breast- metics use (32). Cadmium levels were significantly and
- 99% of the breastmilk samples collected from the region ics. Similarly, cadmium was detected in hair dyes and
- of Ankara (27). However, cadmium was detected in 38% other hair coloring cosmetics (34, 35). A previous study
- over, only 5.1% of the breastmilk samples in this study (8). Taken together, these findings indicate the regula-
- compared to 30% of the breastmilk samples in Morocco to reduce / prevent the availability of these products to
- Table 2 Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated daily intake of cadmium according to participant characteristics
- Table 3 Predictors of higher breastmilk cadmium levels
Methods (brief)
- and exposure to sources of cadmium were collected in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Foremilk samples
- (about 5 mL) were collected in polyethylene tubes using the hand-expression technique. The breast milk samples
- were collected in the period between December 2020 and March 2021. A pre-validated method using inductively
- coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify breastmilk cadmium levels. EDI values were calcu‑
- Results Breastmilk samples were obtained from 256 lactating women. The mean breastmilk cadmium level was 0.34
- Breastmilk cadmium levels were quantified in 92.6% of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk samples, 13 (5.1%)
- Keywords Cadmium, Breastmilk, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Lactation, Women
- care services. The sample size needed for this study was
- over a long period would lead to cadmium buildup in Samplesize(n) = (1)
- items in a questionnaire and provide a breastmilk sample and then at 150 º C for 120 min (23). The clear digestate
- study were asked to sign a written informed consent. The spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer Elan 9000). The
- gated heavy metals in breast milk (19–22). The ques- Blank samples were prepared using HNO3 and H2O2
- tionnaire collected the demographic variables of the as well as a certified reference material that was pre-
- ing women were also asked about potential exposure to tenfold the SD of 10 blank samples. The limit of detec-
- To collect breastmilk samples, the lactating women calculate the estimated daily intake of cadmium by the
- ples were collected in the period between December 2020 milk, BMI: breastmilk intake per 24 h, and Wt: weight of
- and March 2021. The foremilk samples were shipped to the infant.
- Breastmilk samples were allowed to melt at room tem- issues was determined using tolerance and variance infla-
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