Assessing lead exposure in U.S. pregnant women using biological and

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Exposure determinants pregnancy and six months post-partum. The maternal blood Pb level geometric mean was 0.44 μg/dL (n = 426),
• with no women having values ≥ 5 μg/dL; creatinine-adjusted maternal urinary Pb geometric mean was 0.43 μg/g
• (n = 366). These blood and urine concentrations are similar to those observed for females in the general U.S.
• p < 0.0001). Surface wipe Pb loadings obtained in mother’s homes during pregnancy (n = 640) and from areas
• geometric means of 0.47 and 0.49 ng/cm2, respectively, which were relatively low compared to other national
• 2022; Dong et al., 2020; Lanphear et al., 1998). Limited studies in blood samples (n = 432), urine samples (n = 366), and/or residence
• pregnant women and measured environmental samples found dissimilar surface wipe samples collected during pregnancy (n = 640) and at six
• results: no relationship between BLL and house dust Pb concentrations months post-partum (n = 99) that were analyzed for elements, including
• posures to Pb can also be considered in a total environmental framework women (n = 208) enrolled in 20 U.S. counties (Blaisdell et al., 2016;
• exposures and young children’s potential exposures to surface-available resided in their home, parity, and maternal BMI (Table S-2). In cases
• the analyses are described in Table S-1. We note that three participants ticipants with missing data were combined into one category. Any sur­
• urinary Pb included percent above the limits of detection (LOD) of 0.25 main effects model based on AIC. Both multiple regression models were
• μg/dL and 0.11 μg/g, respectively, geometric means (GM) and their 95 fitted using the SAS LIFEREG procedure in a Tobit analysis using
• % confidence intervals (CI), and selected percentiles of the distributions. maximum likelihood estimation for censored data (SAS/STAT, 2019).
• Some measurements for BLLs (14 %) and urinary Pb (3 %) were < LOD, Main and full fixed effects models were also fitted for comparison using
• so we used maximum likelihood estimation for censored data in the R the SAS MIXED procedure with LOD/√2 substitution for the 48 obser­
• package EnvStats version 2.3.1 to calculate their geometric means and vations with left-censored BLL measurements. Use of substitution for
• 95 % CIs (Millard, 2018). Spearman correlation coefficients were censored outcome variables is not a statistical best practice but remains
• wipe (n = 329) measurements using R version 3.6.2 (R Core Team, We also fitted a main effects multiple regression surface wipe Pb
• 2014). Spearman correlation analyses used LOD/√2 substitution for model for fourteen variables that had p ≤ 0.001 in the one-way ANOVA
• censored measurements < LOD. All surface wipe and vacuum dust models. This main effects model used data for 450 of the 640 partici­
• for each geographic unit and used one-way ANOVA in R version 1.3.9 to since all measurements were > LOD (SAS/STAT, 2019).
• the Pb measurements. Our analyses in this initial phase used LOD/√2 the BLL and surface wipe models. Out of 709 total participants, 357
• substitution for censored measurements < LOD. participants had data for both, 69 had data for blood only, and 283 had
• ANOVA calculations performed using R were confirmed by a second Table 1
• quality assurance audit. Mean Age 29.2 29.1
• 3. Results and discussion Race/Ethnicity (%)
• shown in Table 1. Overall, there were no major differences between the American Indian/
• bacco and alcohol use information was not available for over 22 % of $30,000-$49,999 19.7 16.9
• Table S-3. BLLs were generally low (geometric mean = 0.44 μg/dL), with Divorced, separated, 0 0.3
• metric mean BLL was even higher at 0.61 μg/dL than for the pregnant High school diploma/ 27.0 28.6
• women (Ettinger et al., 2020) (Table S-4). When comparing across NCS GED
• County, NY having the highest geometric mean value (0.72 μg/dL)
• found that, overall, the NCS geometric mean and median BLL mea­ Once A Week 9.4 7.8
• cohort (0.44 μg/dL) was lower than the geometric mean BLLs measured Less Than Once A
• et al., 2016; Renzetti et al., 2017). The median BLL (0.42 μg/dL) in the
• Table 1 (continued ) this comparison, including the U.S.; however, the study in China
• Missing or not 5.6 22.3 reporting the lowest mean and median BLLs in whole blood measure­
• recorded ments. The median BLL from the study in Australia (0.37 μg/dL) was
• 1961 to 1980 23.2 21.7 An assessment of the relatively low U.S. NCS geometric mean and
• Don’t know 17.8 20.2 We looked at starting and ending years and also at mean maternal age
• Pre-Natal Questionnaire Typed (%) starting and ending years for NCS (2009 and 2010, respectively) are

Methods (brief)

• Keywords: exposure during early lifestages. A robust, multi-faceted secondary analysis was conducted using data collected
• house dust vacuum samples collected during pregnancy and residence surface wipes collected both during
• Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that remains a blood and urine and in residential samples (i.e., home surface wipes and
• bone stores during fetal skeleton development (Gulson et al., 2003; chemical measurement data collected between 2009 and 2014 in the
• tested, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recom­ ticipants; however, data collected by questionnaires, observation survey
• mends follow-up actions with BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL (CDC, 2010). instruments, and as biological and environmental samples were ob­
• with hand-to-mouth activity and oral sensory seeking behavior. Asso­ environmental samples were collected for chemical analyses to assess
• 2022; Dong et al., 2020; Lanphear et al., 1998). Limited studies in blood samples (n = 432), urine samples (n = 366), and/or residence
• pregnant women and measured environmental samples found dissimilar surface wipe samples collected during pregnancy (n = 640) and at six
• Adverse health impacts resulting from maternal and children’s ex­ from vacuum house dust samples collected from the homes of pregnant
• performed within the NCS Vanguard Data and Sample Archive Access
• blood and residence surface wipe samples collected during participants’ item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) (Cohen et al., 1983; Cohen and
• in the DASH blood data set had two observations each; all six data points vey response or sample-derived category with fewer than 10
• and 640 participants with surface wipe results, both collected during variables that had p ≤ 0.10 in the one-way ANOVA models. This main
• provided both blood and surface wipe samples. While our primary an­ set with complete data for all variables; 48 of these participants included
• alyses focused on blood and prenatal surface wipe Pb measurements, we in the model had BLL measurement data <LOD. A second BLL model
• urinary Pb included percent above the limits of detection (LOD) of 0.25 main effects model based on AIC. Both multiple regression models were
• Some measurements for BLLs (14 %) and urinary Pb (3 %) were < LOD, Main and full fixed effects models were also fitted for comparison using

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Baby Wipes
• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Chromium

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Update history

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