A Low-Cost Method Shows Potentially Toxic Element Levels

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• try (7). Mean BLL was 42.6 ± 22.5 µg/dL (range 16.6–85.4) in the exposed group versus
• 8.7 ± 1.2 µg/dL (range 7.0–10.2) in the control group, a statistically significant difference
• (p < 0.001) (7). In addition, 80.0% of the exposed group had a history of lead smelting activi-
• ties within the home to produce artificial jewelry, compared with only 35.7% of controls (7).
• workers had blood Pb concentrations > 40 µg/dL (8). Moreover, in Indonesia, 69.5% of the
• addition of 10 mL of 32.5% m/v nitric acid and heated to a high temperature in a microwave
• lene tube with plastic forceps and 12 mL of 65% m/v nitric acid, 2 mL of 35% m/v hydrogen
• portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer (NitonTM XL2® ). Not all of the exposed families
• were assigned a value of LOD/2 (24).
• such as acid and soldering powder (23.8%), acid and soldering wire (23.8%), and soldering
• powder alone (47.6%). Furthermore, only 19.0% of the workers who engaged in soldering
• face shields, gloves, and protective clothing. Overall, 42.9% of the welders stated that they
• open air. A total of 80.9% of welders stated that they worked in living rooms, bedrooms,
• laundry rooms, and backyards, as shown in Table 1. In 42.9% of households, welding
• workstation dust, except for Sn (p < 0.05) (Table 2).
• Pb <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD - 0.06 0.13 -
• The PTE concentrations in Table 2 were calculated based on the area cleansed for
• Cd (geometric mean (GM): 53,927.21 ppm; standard deviation (SD): 32,806.44 ppm; range:
• 5209.72–165,296.14 ppm), Cr (GM: 4115.78 ppm; SD: 2810.68 ppm; range: 465.31–14,550.51 ppm),
• Mn (GM: 1161.33 ppm; SD: 460.50 ppm; range: 1050.71–1471.06 ppm) and Ni (GM: 524.22 ppm;
• value of Pb (GM: 249,973.13 ppm; SD: 165,157.41 ppm; range: 5840.90–522,785.34 ppm) was
• Cd 53,927 32,806 5209–165,296 <LOD <LOD <LOD
• Ni 524 291 102–1015 <LOD <LOD <LOD
• Cr 4115 2810 465–14,550 <LOD <LOD <LOD
• Pb <LOD <LOD <LOD 249,973 165,157 5,840–522,785
• heterogeneous (Table 4). The correlation of PTE determined in dust deposits (cleaning
• and 15 control children aged 1–11 years. The mean age of the exposed group was 6 years
• (range: 1–11 years) comprising 4 females and 10 males, whereas the mean age of the control
• group was 6 years (range: 2–11 years) comprising 8 females and 7 males, showing the
• groups, as shown in Table 5.
• Table 4. p-Values of Spearman correlations between PTE levels in dust samples and physical infrastructure by group. Limeira, Brazil, 2019.
• Pb <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 0.30 >0.05 −0.19 >0.05 0.24 >0.05 0.26 >0.05
• a Dust collected for approximately 14 days after installation of EDC. b Dust collected from welders’ workstations. <LOD—Below limit of detection. <0.05 represents the statistically
• Mean SD 95th Percentile Mean SD 95th Percentile Mean SD 95th Percentile p-Value *
• Cr (µg/L) 1.62 0.42 2.30 (95) 1.49 0.39 2.05 (95) 1.55 0.40 2.27 (95) >0.05
• Ni (µg/L) 3.35 1.03 5.05 (95) 3.23 0.68 4.13 (95) 3.28 0.85 4.81 (95) >0.05
• As (µg/L) 0.40 0.19 0.78 (95) 0.34 0.22 0.62 (95) 0.37 0.21 0.83 (95) >0.05
• Cd (µg/L) 0.11 0.11 0.30 (95) 0.01 0.01 0.02 (95) 0.06 0.10 0.26 (95) <0.05
• Sn (µg/L) 6.42 20.99 28.51 (95) 0.80 0.23 1.08 (95) 3.61 14.85 1.12 (95) >0.05
• 0.001 µg/L; Exposed 0.011 µg/L) and Pb (mean: Control 1.31 µg/dL; Exposed 3.31 µg/dL).
• neurological symptoms of seizures (n = 12) and drowsiness (n = 3), and mean blood lead
• level of cases was 42.6 ± 22.5 µg/dL (range 16.6–85.4 µg/dL) proving significantly higher in

Methods (brief)

• samples were collected in 21 exposed and 23 control families using EDC from surfaces where dust
• deposits had accumulated for approximately 14 days. In exposed families, dust samples were also
• Toxic Element Levels in Dust collected from welders’ workstations. PTE concentrations were then determined using inductively
• Correlated with Elevated Blood coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results raised concerns in relation to Cr, As, and Cd
• Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. conclusion, analyzing dust collected using EDC proved a potentially low-cost tool for determining
• had high blood lead levels > 10 µg/dL (9). Also, dust and blood samples of pottery artisans,
• collection of blood, urine, and whole saliva samples from informal workers of Limeira, and
• DustSample Collection
• Dust samples were ® cloths. One EDC was
• sampleswerewerecollected
• collection ofofthe samples (Figure
• samples were duplicate,in
• were collected labeled
• In addition, surface dust samples were collected directly from welders’ workstations.
• All of the materials used for sample collection and transport, such as the folders, were
• 2.3. Dust Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis
• The sample preparation involved acid extraction with a microwave oven (Ethos UP
• model, Milestone). Each EDC sample was cut into four parts with stainless steel scissors

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Baby Wipes
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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Update history

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