Australia or Argentina. One exception is the argan tree, which is well adapted to the extremely dry

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

modification. The development of a worldwide market has led to the fact that 80 % of oilseed
traded has been soya in the past years (Table 1), whereas it was mainly used in East Asia (China)
produced all over the world but USA (55.2 %), China (8.2 %) and Turkey (5.9 %) are major producer
80 % of palm oil: Indonesia (55.2 %) and Malaysia (29.4 %).
production of this oil in Indonesia (54.2 %) and Malaysia (28.3 %) accounts for more than 80 % of
USA has a dominant position in soybean (39 %) followed by Brazil (23.8 %) and Argentina (17.9 %).
Ukraine (16.7 %) and Argentina (14.8 %).
aflatoxin content to 10-14 ppb – so that a subsequent bleaching operation is essential to reduce it
to less than 1 ppb. The refining of safflower oil has the peculiarity of increasing the content of free
composition as shown in Table 3 covers 4-desmethylsterols or also so-called phytosterols or simply
sterols. Table 3 also displays the composition of methyl tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) not
content) are given in Table 4, which may be also used as identity criteria. Finally, the stable carbon
Tables 2-4 include information of physical-characteristics of the selected crude vegetable oils;
total carotenoids (as beta-carotene) for unbleached palm oil should be in the range 500-2000
mg/kg; (v) the Crismer value for low erucic acid rapeseed oil should be in the range 67-70; (vi) the
concentration of brassicasterol in low erucic acid rapeseed oil should be greater than 5 % of total
sterols; (vii) low-erucic acid rapeseed oil must not contain more than 2 % erucic acid (as % of total
fatty acids); (viii) high oleic acid safflower oil must contain not less than 70 % oleic acid (as a % of
total fatty acids); and (ix) high oleic acid sunflower oil must contain not less than 75 % oleic acid (as
than 20 %. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of India reported that traders
Alimentarius, REP17/FO-Rev, 3 March 2017) as are value ranges for its chemical compounds and
oils have closely related chemical compositions (both contain about 47 % lauric acid) and low
kernel oil. Levels of about 10 % are difficult to detect. If the palm kernel oil is then used for the
crops produced in the world (83 %) - along with soybean (89 %), canola (75 %), and corn (61 %) -
and approx. 90 % of all US cotton is genetically engineered. GM products are not labelled in some
Table 2: Composition of fatty acids of the selected crude edible vegetable oils from authentic samples. Sources: (4-6)
Sunflower high oleic oil; 10, argan oil; 11, evening primrose oil; nd, non-detectable, defined as <0.05 %; nr, not reported.
Table 3: Levels of 4-desmethylsterols as a percentage of total sterols (in mg/kg), tocopherols and tocotrienols in mg/kg in the selected crude edible vegetable oils from authentic samples. Sources: (4-6)
Total (mg/kg) 170-1300 380-1200 330-3720 150-1500 ≤260 430-2680 240-670 250-700 600-3370 440-1520 450-1120 597-880 263-661
sigmasta-7,24-diene-3-ol (4-7 %).
Table 4: Physical-chemical characteristics of the selected crude edible vegetable oils from selected samples. Sources: (4-6)
unsaponifiable matter (g/kg). a, 0.910-0.916 x=25oC; b, 1.460-1.464 at 40oC. Stable carbon isotope ratio for maize oil should oscillate between -13.71 and -16.26.
unofficial standard requires that EPO should contain at least 10 % GLA, these other oils have been
increased the stability of the vegetable oil and its bland flavour in fried foods (13). During
mineral oil at concentrations often above 1 000 mg/kg. Fortunately, the European Food Safety
counterfeiting of retail coconut oil brands, alleged to be occurring in large amounts (50 %) in India
Authenticity: Issues and Methodologies (7) displays the ranges of a series of crude edible
are toxicologically acceptable (21). In regard to authenticity, contaminants can be related with
Table 5: Summary of the relevant methods proposed in Codex Alimentarius (6)
corn oils (32), and the presence of lard in some vegetable oils (33) also analysed by differential
tables provided for chemical differences among edible oils (Tables 2-3) and analytical methods
Stable isotope analysis C/12C ratios Detection of commercial oils in maize oils and vice

Methods (brief)

groundnut oil samples was adulterated with palmolein and cottonseed oils among other cheaper
oils. Thus, 7 % of the samples contained less than 10 % of groundnut oil and 43 % contained less
Table 2: Composition of fatty acids of the selected crude edible vegetable oils from authentic samples. Sources: (4-6)
Table 3: Levels of 4-desmethylsterols as a percentage of total sterols (in mg/kg), tocopherols and tocotrienols in mg/kg in the selected crude edible vegetable oils from authentic samples. Sources: (4-6)
Table 4: Physical-chemical characteristics of the selected crude edible vegetable oils from selected samples. Sources: (4-6)
laboratories are mostly due to the scarcity of information on the samples analysed (e.g. cultivar
oilseed samples that were representative of world trade. Annex of Oils and Fats Chapter in Food
(18). Gutter oils are used edible oils or waste cooking oils, which are collected from restaurant
oilseeds that had been analysed simply because they were unusual. In other cases, samples for
Tocopherol content by HPLC Gamma-tocopherol Detection of soybean oil in sunflower seed oil
Tocopherol content by HPLC Delta-tocopherol Detection of soybean oil in groundnut oil
composition by HPLC oil
composition by HPLC acid enrichment factor
ICP-OES Elemental content Detection of olive oil and soybean oil in argan oil
HPLC Triacylglycerols Detection of sunflower seed, soybean and olive
Adulteration Using Gas Chromatography Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 67 (15), 2685–

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised