Comparison of Proximate body composition and heavy metals

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Published: 24 December, 2025 74.4% in the Control group to 72.0% in W3, and crude protein content
• Citation: Ghafoor, T., Saeed, A., Zahid, decreased from 15.13% to 13.67% across the same water sites. Conversely,
• A., Riasat, M., Younas, R., Rana, N., & crude fat content showed a gradual increase, reaching 3.50 %, while ash
• body composition and heavy metals reference range of 2.40 % to 2.16 %. Heavy metal accumulation was found to
• major carps from Head Islam, Vehari. PAK mg/kg in the control to 1.36 mg/kg in W3. Cadmium and Mercury levels also
• monitored aquatic system with consistent water preserved in buffered formalin (10%) and stored at
• Crude Protein (%) = Nitrogen (%) × 6.25
• This highly sensitive instrument measures the Table 1: Proximate composition report of fishes
• 73.5 15.2 3.1 2.3 had the lowest Mean AST value (50.00 ± 5.77 U/L),
• content in major carps (P = 0.000). The Mean results for ALP levels in fish liver tissues showed a
• content (74.4 ± 0.86%), while the moisture content significantly impacted ALP activity. The control group
• progressively decreased across the treatments (W1: had the lowest Mean ALP value (87.67 ± 2.89 U/L),
• water site on the Crude Protein (%) content across the a significant effect of water sites (P = 0.021),
• control group exhibited the highest crude protein Mean ALB level (4.40 ± 0.20 g/dL), while W3 had the
• 14.63 ± 0.21%, W2: 14.1 ± 0.17%, W3: of water site (P = 0.033), indicating that water site
• 13.67 ± 0.10%). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for exposure altered Bil concentrations. The control group
• Crude Fat (%) across combined freshwater fish had the lowest Mean Bil level (0.7 ± 0.07 mg/dL), while
• Mean comparison test showed that the highest ash Crude Water 3 5.157 1.71 60.6 0.000**
• influenced Pb uptake. Mean comparisons test Total 11 1.226
• accumulation. Mean comparisons test indicated a Cadmium Water 3 0.0434 0.014 38.9 0.000**
• rising trend in Cd concentration, from 0.05 mg/kg in Error 8 0.0030 0.000
• the control to 0.30 mg/kg in W3. The ANOVA for Hg 4
• mg/kg). The analysis of Pb, Cd, and Hg in L rohita, C ment 7 8

Methods (brief)

• © 2025 IJSMART Publishing Company. limits. Bilburin levels rose gradually, nearing the upper limit in W3 samples.
• 2021). muscles and liver tissues of fishes collected from
• such as fish (Ashfaq et al., 2021). The comparison of samples collected from polluted
• Ni > Cd. The concentrations of heavy metals detected the nutritional quality of fish muscle. Fish samples
• were below the allowable level specified by were collected during early daylight hours using cast
• Samples were captured from four different sites. First using digital calipers and precision scales. Humane
• samples were collected from site where water euthanasia was conducted through cold shock, and
• manufacturing units, second sample were collected sterile conditions. The muscle tissues were sampled
• during irrigation cycles, third sample were collected visceral cavity, ensuring no cross-contamination.
• from downstream collection point with visible algal Muscle samples designated for proximate
• cumulative contamination and for control samples in aluminum foil, labeled, and stored at −20°C to
• These samples were later processed for
• C catla, and C mrigala were collected. Three per spectrophotometric and histopathological evaluations.
• resulting in a total of 27 samples (3 species*3 Association of Official Analytical Chemists were
• parameters* 3 water sites ) and 3 per species for the strictly followed during sample handling and storage
• Tissue samples were then divided into triplicates for
• sample) × 100 detection, and enzyme assays were compiled and
• moisture content in fish samples. Moisture content is consistently remains within the acceptable reference

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Arsenic
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

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Update history

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